The biochemistry of the renin-angiotensin system and its role in hypertension

Skeggs, Leonard T.; Dorer, Frederic E.; Kahn, Joseph R.; Lentz, Kenneth E.; Levine, Martin

doi:10.1016/0002-9343(76)90888-3

Cited by 131 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Renin is produced in the kidney and acts on angiotensinogen, producing angiotensin I, which then passes through the pulmonary circulation and is converted by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to the potent vasoconstrictor, angiotensin II (1,2). ACE inhibitors act competitively, whereas angiotensin receptor antagonists prevent receptor binding of angiotensin II; both cause vasodilation (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability, toxicity and intestinal permeation enhancement of two food-derived antihypertensive tripeptides, Ile-Pro-Pro and Leu-Lys-Pro

et al. 2015

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Publication information Peptides, 71 : 1-7Publisher Elsevier Item record/more information http://hdl.handle.net/10197/8723 Publisher's statementThis is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Peptides. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Peptides (VOL 71, ISSUE 2015, (2015 colonic mucosae were low, but were significantly increased in each tissue type by the medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) permeation enhancers, sodium caprate (C 10 ) and the sodium salt of 10-undecylenic acid (uC 11 ). IPP and LKP were therefore stable against intestinal and liver peptidases and were non-cytotoxic; their P app values across rat intestinal mucosae were low, but could be increased by MCFA. There is potential to make on oral dosage form once in vivo pharmacology is confirmed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability, toxicity and intestinal permeation enhancement of two food-derived antihypertensive tripeptides, Ile-Pro-Pro and Leu-Lys-Pro

et al. 2015

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“…12 An overactive RAAS is strongly associated with high BP. Both Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are the first line drugs for hypertension and they effectively reduce the risk of cardiovascular and renal events.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost variation analysis of ACE inhibitors in India

Wadagbalkar

Patel

Raipurkar

2017

Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol

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Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the most prevalent cause of death and disability in developed and developing countries. There is a wide variation in the prices of antihypertensive drugs marketed in India. Thus, a study was planned to find out variation in cost in the ACE Inhibitors available in India either as a single drug or in combination and to evaluate the difference in cost of various brands of the same ACE Inhibitors and ARBs by calculating percentage variation in cost in Indian rupees.Methods: Minimum and maximum costs in rupees (INR) of antihypertensive agents manufactured by different companies, in the same strength and dosage forms were obtained from “current index of medical specialties” January April 2016 and Drug Today October-December 2016. The cost ratio and percentage cost variation were calculated for each generic antihypertensive agent (ACE Inhibitors and ARBs).Results: This study shows that there is a wide variation in the prices of different brands of same ACE Inhibitors and ARBs in Indian market.Highest cost variation 400% is for Lisinopril (2.5mg), followed by Enalapril (10mg) 394.16%, Telmisartan (20mg) 322.22%.Conclusions: There is a wide difference in the cost of different brands of ACE Inhibitors and ARBs available in India. They have important role in management of hypertension particularly if associated with other morbidities like diabetes. The clinicians prescribing these drugs should be aware of these variations in cost so as to reduce the cost of drug therapy and increase the patient adherence to the therapy.

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“…The RAAS plays a critical role in the development of hypertension and CVD (31). ACE is a key circulating enzyme in the RAAS, which catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, and further degrades bradykinin (14). The D allele of the I/D polymorphism of a 287-bp Alu sequence within intron 16 of the ACE gene has been reported to be correlated with increased circulating ACE levels in humans (15,16).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ACE is the key enzyme in the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system (RAAS), as an important modulator of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) (14). The ACE gene, which consists of 26 exons and 25 introns is located on chromosome 17q23 (14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphisms and intracranial aneurysm susceptibility: A meta-analysis

et al. 2017

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Abstract.Various studies have evaluated the association between polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and intracranial aneurysm (IA) risk; however, the results remain inconsistent. The PubMed, Embase, and Wanfang Data databases were systematically searched until January 6th 2016. Case-control studies investigating the association between the ACE polymorphism and IA risk were included. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with the fixed or random-effects model assuming allele, homozygote comparison of codominant, heterozygote comparison of codominant, dominant, and recessive models. Seven studies including 1,074 cases and 1,500 controls were included in the current meta-analysis. The results of the analysis indicated that the ACE polymorphism significantly increased IA risk in the allele, homozygote comparison of codominant and dominant models. According to the further stratified analysis by ethnicity, source of control and sample sizes, a significant association was identified between the ACE variant and IA risk in Asian individuals, hospital-based, or large (>300) subgroups in all of the genetic models, not including the recessive model. Furthermore, no significantly increased risk was indicated in Caucasian individuals, population-based, or small (<300) subgroups in the heterozygote comparison of codominant, dominant and recessive models. The available evidence indicates that the ACE polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of IA, particularly in Asian individuals. However, other factors may impact this association. Further large, well-designed multicenter studies are required to validate the findings from the present study.

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The biochemistry of the renin-angiotensin system and its role in hypertension

Cited by 131 publications

References 80 publications

Stability, toxicity and intestinal permeation enhancement of two food-derived antihypertensive tripeptides, Ile-Pro-Pro and Leu-Lys-Pro

Stability, toxicity and intestinal permeation enhancement of two food-derived antihypertensive tripeptides, Ile-Pro-Pro and Leu-Lys-Pro

Cost variation analysis of ACE inhibitors in India

Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphisms and intracranial aneurysm susceptibility: A meta-analysis

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