The biodiversity and ecosystem service contributions and trade-offs of forest restoration approaches

Hua, Fangyuan; Bruijnzeel, L. A.; Meli, Paula; Martin, Philip A.; Zhang, Jun; Nakagawa, Shinichi; Miao, Xinran; Wang, Weiyi; McEvoy, Christopher; Peña‐Arancibia, Jorge L.; Brancalion, Pedro Henrique Santin; Smith, Pete; Edwards, David P.; Balmford, Andrew

doi:10.1126/science.abl4649

Cited by 352 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 415 publications

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“…Forest plantations are an important means of restoring degraded land, supplying ecosystem services, and mitigating climate change ( 1 – 4 ). In recent years, several global initiatives, such as the Bonn Challenge ( 5 ), the New York Declaration on Forests ( 6 ), and the United Nations (UN) Decade on Ecosystem Restoration ( 7 ), have been launched to restore degraded ecosystems and provide nature-based solutions to mitigate climate change by increasing global forest cover in the coming decades.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Foresters often prefer monoculture plantations because of their lower planting and management costs, targeted special uses of trees (e.g., kind and amount of timber production and economic value) ( 35 ), and the difficulty in identifying the site characteristics that will give the best result for a given multispecies plantation ( 30 , 35 ). However, a growing body of research is revealing the benefits of multispecies plantations in terms of productivity (this study), stability ( 16 , 36 ), community structure ( 15 ), and biodiversity ( 4 ). Therefore, we advocate a multifunctional cost-benefit analysis framework to identify planting strategies that optimize the benefits of forest plantations for restoration, conservation, and climate change mitigation.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Multispecies forest plantations outyield monocultures across a broad range of conditions

Feng

Schmid

Loreau

et al. 2022

Science

200

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Multispecies tree planting has long been applied in forestry and landscape restoration in the hope of providing better timber production and ecosystem services; however, a systematic assessment of its effectiveness is lacking. We compiled a global dataset of matched single-species and multispecies plantations to evaluate the impact of multispecies planting on stand growth. Average tree height, diameter at breast height, and aboveground biomass were 5.4, 6.8, and 25.5% higher, respectively, in multispecies stands compared with single-species stands. These positive effects were mainly the result of interspecific complementarity and were modulated by differences in leaf morphology and leaf life span, stand age, planting density, and temperature. Our results have implications for designing afforestation and reforestation strategies and bridging experimental studies of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships with real-world practices.

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multispecies forest plantations outyield monocultures across a broad range of conditions

Feng

Schmid

Loreau

et al. 2022

Science

200

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“…Reforestation is being carried out in a large scale in many countries. Recent studies across a range of tree plantations and native forests in 53 countries have revealed that carbon storage, soil erosion control, water conservation and biodiversity benefits are delivered better from native forests compared to monoculture tree plantations, although the latter yielded more wood (Hua et al 2022 ). This has to be kept in mind in reforestation programmes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and its impact on biodiversity and human welfare

Shivanna

2022

Proc.Indian Natl. Sci. Acad.

195

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Climate change refers to the long-term changes in temperature and weather due to human activities. Increase in average global temperature and extreme and unpredictable weather are the most common manifestations of climate change. In recent years, it has acquired the importance of global emergency and affecting not only the wellbeing of humans but also the sustainability of other lifeforms. Enormous increase in the emission of greenhouse gases (CO 2 , methane and nitrous oxide) in recent decades largely due to burning of coal and fossil fuels, and deforestation are the main drivers of climate change. Marked increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, rise in sea level, decrease in crop productivity and loss of biodiversity are the main consequences of climate change. Obvious mitigation measures include significant reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases and increase in the forest cover of the landmass. Conference of Parties (COP 21), held in Paris in 2015 adapted, as a legally binding treaty, to limit global warming to well below 2 °C, preferably to 1.5 °C by 2100, compared to pre-industrial levels. However, under the present emission scenario, the world is heading for a 3–4 °C warming by the end of the century. This was discussed further in COP 26 held in Glasgow in November 2021; many countries pledged to reach net zero carbon emission by 2050 and to end deforestation, essential requirements to keep 1.5 °C target. However, even with implementation of these pledges, the rise is expected to be around 2.4 °C. Additional measures are urgently needed to realize the goal of limiting temperature rise to 1.5 °C and to sustain biodiversity and human welfare.

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“…On the time scales when both atmosphere and soil moisture are steady-state, runoff equals moisture convergence. When soil moisture S (mm) is not steady, then C = P − E = R + dS/dt, whereby R + dS/dt is referred to as the water yield (Zhang et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…( 4). The blue triangle and square indicate, respectively, estimated dC/dP and measured dR/dP on the Loess Plateau in 1999-2015 according to Zhang et al (2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of ecosystem transpiration in creating alternate moisture regimes by influencing atmospheric moisture convergence

Makarieva¹,

Nefiodov²,

Nobre³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The terrestrial water cycle links the soil and atmosphere moisture reservoirs through four fluxes: precipitation, evaporation, runoff, and atmospheric moisture convergence (net import of water vapor to balance runoff). Each of these processes is essential for human and ecosystem well-being. Predicting how the water cycle responds to changes in vegetation cover remains a challenge. Recently, changes in plant transpiration across the Amazon basin were shown to be associated exponentially with changes in rainfall, suggesting that even small declines in transpiration (e.g., from deforestation) would lead to much larger declines in rainfall. Here, constraining these findings by the law of mass conservation, we show that in a sufficiently wet atmosphere, forest transpiration can control atmospheric moisture convergence such that increased transpiration enhances atmospheric moisture import and resulting water yield. Conversely, in a sufficiently dry atmosphere increased transpiration reduces atmospheric moisture convergence and water yield. This previously unrecognized dichotomy explains the otherwise mixed observations of how water yield responds to re-greening, as we illustrate with examples from China's Loess Plateau.Our analysis indicates that any additional moisture recycling due to additional vegetation increases precipitation but decreases local water yield and steady-state runoff. Therefore, in the drier regions/periods and early stages of ecological restoration, the role of vegetation can be confined to moisture recycling, while once a wetter stage is achieved, additional vegetation enhances atmospheric moisture convergence. Evaluating the transition between regimes, and recognizing the potential of vegetation for enhancing moisture convergence, are crucial for characterizing the consequences of deforestation as well as for motivating and guiding ecological restoration.

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The biodiversity and ecosystem service contributions and trade-offs of forest restoration approaches

Cited by 352 publications

References 415 publications

Multispecies forest plantations outyield monocultures across a broad range of conditions

Multispecies forest plantations outyield monocultures across a broad range of conditions

Climate change and its impact on biodiversity and human welfare

The role of ecosystem transpiration in creating alternate moisture regimes by influencing atmospheric moisture convergence

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