The bioenergetics of grass carp, <i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i> (Val.): the influence of body weight, ration and dietary composition on nitrogenous excretion

Carter, C. G.; Brafield, A. E.

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992.tb02681.x

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Production (28% of N consumed) was Table 5 for definitions of budget items (Table 7). Carter & Brafield (1992), however, found that N channelled to growth (69% of N consumed) was much higher than excretion (26%) in the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella ( Table 7 ) . It has been demonstrated that budget items may be affected by species, diet, feeding regimes, physiological characteristics and growth performance of the fish as well as experimental protocols between studies (Handy & Poxton 1993, Heinsbrock et al 1993.…”

Section: Laboratory N Budget Of Individual Epinephelus Areolatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen budgets for the areolated grouper Epinephelus areolatus cultured under laboratory conditions and in open-sea cages

Leung¹,

Chu²,

Wu³

1999

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The nitrogen budget of grouper Epinephelus areolatus (Forskal) in a culture system can be represented by the mass balance equation: consumption (C) = feed input (I) -feed wastage (W) = production (P) + moi-tality (A4) + excretion (E) + faecal production (F). A nitrogen budget was constructed for individual groupers cultured for 1 n~o under laboratory conditions; and a n annual nitrogen budget was also constructed for a cohort of E. areolatus cultured in a n open-sea-cage farm and fed with trash fish. Consumption was determined independently both by feeding expenments as well as by summation of P, M, E and F, to provide an estirnate of the accuracy of the budget equation. In the laboratory budget, 27.5 % of N consunled was channelled to growth, while 64 4 % was excreted in the form of amrnonia and 8.1 % lost in faeces The N-assimilation efficiency was 91 9%, while the net N-retention efficiency was 29.9%. For the annual budget constructed for the open-sea-cage farm, only 8 6 % of total N input into the farm was harvested in the form of fish production, while loss to mortality was 3.7 %. Ammonia excretion was the most important N loss (46.0%), followed by feed wastage (37 .? %) and faecal production (4.0%). 66% of total N input could be accounted for in the laboratory N budget for individual groupers, but only 48% of N input into the culture system could be accounted for in the annual nitrogen budget constructed for open-sea-cage farming. It was estimated that 87 7 % of the total N input to the farm was lost to the environment (equivalent to 321 kg N t-' of fish production). Such a value is almost 3 times as high as N loss from temperate salmonid farms

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Section: Laboratory N Budget Of Individual Epinephelus Areolatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen budgets for the areolated grouper Epinephelus areolatus cultured under laboratory conditions and in open-sea cages

Leung¹,

Chu²,

Wu³

1999

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Only protein (Dabrowski 1977; Dabrowski & Kozak 1979; Lin et al. 1989; Lin 1991) and energy (Carter & Brafield 1991, 1992a,b; Cui et al. 1992) have been studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dietary lipid level on growth, feed utilization and body composition by juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

et al. 2005

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A study was undertaken to determine the effect of dietary lipid level on growth, feed efficiency and body chemical composition of juvenile grass carp. Seven isonitrogenous diets (400 g kg−1 crude protein) containing seven dietary lipid level (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 g kg−1 dry matter) were fed to triplicate groups of 40 fish with initial weight 6.52 g, for 70 days. No obvious and assured essential fatty acid deficiency symptom appeared in fish fed the lipid‐free diet. Excess dietary lipid level (100 and 120 g kg−1) resulted in decreased feed intake. The best growth performance and feed utilization was observed in fish fed 20–40 g kg−1 dietary lipid. The fish fed a lipid‐free diet had the lowest protein efficiency and protein retention. Growth performance and feed utilization increased with the increasing dietary lipid levels up to 40 g kg−1 dietary lipid. Higher dietary level (above 40 g kg−1) made growth performance and feed utilization decrease and no protein sparing effect was observed. Lipid retention decreased as dietary lipid level increased. Mesenteric fat index (MFI) increased, hepatosomatic index (HSI) decreased with dietary lipid level. The increased MFI and simultaneous decrease lipid retention can be explained by differences in growth. The effect of dietary lipid levels on the chemical composition of tissues was significant only for whole body and muscle. The excess lipid content of liver in all groups was regarded as a slight symptom of fatty liver, which was partly identified by microscopic structural study and lower plasma lipid indexes, comparing to the initial plasma data. In conclusion, grass carp is a fish with low energy requirement and excess dietary lipid level should be avoided.

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“…In most studies, the relationship between nitrogen excretion and food consumption was found to be linear (Cui and Wootton 1988), and the nitrogen excretion of nitrogen intake greatly changed from 28% to 55% (Beamish and Thomas 1984). Carter and Brafield (1992) reported that this value was 13.3-56.9% in grass carp and could reach 63.43% or 77.25% when they fed on plant or animal, respectively (Cui et al 1991). Fed on several different diets, Pneumatophorus japonicus and Sebastodes fuscescens excreted about 80% and 70% of the nitrogen consumed, respectively (Sun et al 1999;2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

C, N and P regeneration by a detritivorous fish, Liza haematocheila T. & S.: effects of temperature, diet and body size

Kang

Xian

2007

Aquacult Int

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Detritus, as a nutrients reservoir, affects the trophic structure and dynamics of communities and supports a greater diversity of species and longer food chains. Detritivorous fish is an important organism to regenerate the nutrients from sediments. Despite the numerous studies on the nutrients cycle in fish, only a few attempts have been made to quantify the regenerating ability. In the present study, we chose the common detritivorous fish redeye mullet as the research object. Redeye mullet is also a common poly-culture fish in China. Diet, including a commercial diet mostly used in aquaculture and a home-made diet with contents close to detritus, was used and considered as a fixed factor. Temperature was also considered as a fixed factor as much research has shown that temperature has significant effects on fish metabolism. Moreover, body size was regarded as a covariate under analysis of covariance. Three key nutrients, namely carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, were used to measure the nutrient-regenerating ability of redeye mullet under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the nutrient regeneration in percent of the consumption decreased with increasing temperature. Carbon and nitrogen regeneration of redeye mullet fed on commercial diet was lower than those of the home-made diet group, while the opposite was found for phosphorus. In each group, the amount of regenerated nutrients increased linearly with body size. Fed on the home-made diet, 5-g fish at 25°C can regenerate 210.822 mg C, 37.533 mg N and 0.727 mg P per day.

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The bioenergetics of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.): the influence of body weight, ration and dietary composition on nitrogenous excretion

Cited by 29 publications

References 36 publications

Nitrogen budgets for the areolated grouper Epinephelus areolatus cultured under laboratory conditions and in open-sea cages

Nitrogen budgets for the areolated grouper Epinephelus areolatus cultured under laboratory conditions and in open-sea cages

Effect of dietary lipid level on growth, feed utilization and body composition by juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

C, N and P regeneration by a detritivorous fish, Liza haematocheila T. & S.: effects of temperature, diet and body size

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