The biological activity and chemistry of the southern African Combretaceae

Eloff, Jacobus Nicolaas; Katerere, David R.; McGaw, Lyndy Joy

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.051

Cited by 169 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…It is also possible that synergism plays a major role in extracts that were active when the minimum inhibitory concentration of the mixture was determined, but the separated compounds had no antimicrobial activity based on bioautography. When all the compounds with activity based on bioautography were isolated and characterized the frequently had a much lower activity than could be expected indicating the presence of synergism (Eloff et al, 2008).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Detection of antimicrobial compounds by bioautography of different extracts of leaves of selected South African tree species

Сулейман¹,

McGaw²,

Naidoo³

et al. 2010

Afr. J. Trad. Compl. Alt. Med.

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The hexane, acetone, dichloromethane and methanol extracts of Combretum vendae A.E. van Wyk (Combretaceae), Commiphora harveyi (Engl. ) test organisms included bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus), and fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Microsporum canis and Sporothrix schenckii).A simple bioautographic procedure, involving spraying suspensions of the bacteria or fungi on thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates developed in solvents of varying polarities was used to detect the number of antibacterial and antifungal compounds present in the extracts. All the extracts had antimicrobial activity against at least one of the test microorganisms. This activity was denoted by white spots against a red-purple background on the TLC plates after spraying with tetrazolium violet. Twenty seven TLC plates; 9 for each solvent system and 3 different solvent systems per organism were tested in the bioautographic procedure. Of the bacteria tested, S. aureus was inhibited by the most compounds separated on the TLC plates from all the tested plants. Similarly, growth of the fungus C. neoformans was also inhibited by many compounds present in the extracts. Loxostylis alata appeared to be the plant extract with the highest number of inhibition bands when compared with other plants tested against both bacteria and fungi. This species was selected for in depth further study.Key words: Bioautography; Medicinal plants; Antifungal; Antibacterial; Synergism IntroductionDespite the existence of conventional antimicrobial agents, resistant or multi-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms are continuously appearing, imposing the need for a thorough search for and development of new drugs (Silver and Bostian, 1993). Fungi and bacteria cause important human and animal diseases, especially in tropical and subtropical regions, and commonly occur in immunocompromised or immunodeficient patients. Over the last decade, there has been a renewed interest in plants; and the pharmaceutical industry considers plants as a viable option for the discovery of new leads (Soejarto, 1996). In fact, it is also estimated that natural products are implicated in the development of 44% of all new drugs, generally as leads for the preparation of semi-synthetic derivatives (Hostettmann et al., 2001).In an effort to discover new lead compounds, many research groups screen plant extracts to detect secondary metabolites with relevant biological activities. In this regard, several bioassays were developed for screening purposes (Hostettmann, 1991).Once the technique has been mastered, bioautography is a highly efficacious assay for the detection of antimicrobial compounds because it allows localization of activity even in a complex matrix, and therefore facilitates the target-directed isolation of the active constituents (Rahalison et al., 1991). Bioautography has enabled rapid progress for quick detection of new antimicrobial compounds from plants and othe...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Detection of antimicrobial compounds by bioautography of different extracts of leaves of selected South African tree species

Сулейман¹,

McGaw²,

Naidoo³

et al. 2010

Afr. J. Trad. Compl. Alt. Med.

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“…This evidence points to the changed metabolic state of younger leaves in the multiple cut trees. Alternatively, an increase in leaf N can also be explained by increased investment in the production of leaf defences such as alkaloids (Eloff et al 2008;Onoda et al 2004) because high levels of polyhydroxyalkaloids have been found in T. sericea (Eloff et al 2008;Katjiua and Ward 2006). Short-term responses to above ground branch removal in Combretum apiculatum Sonder showed that over the season, leaf N levels were higher on severely defoliated trees compared to trees not defoliated (Rooke and Bergstrom 2007).…”

Section: Effects On Foliar Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of repeated cutting on coppice response of Terminalia sericea

Moyo

Scholes

Twine

2014

Trees

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Key message Although exposure to multiple cutting cycles reduces stored reserves, shoot diameter and shoot length, it, however, increases shoot production per resprouting stump and foliar nitrogen. Abstract In disturbance-prone environments with fluctuating seasonal rainfall such as savannas, the repeated cutting of the same trees eventually results in a possible decline in tree abundance. The effects of subjecting Terminalia sericea trees to one, two and multiple (eight) cutting events over a period of 2 years on coppice response were investigated in a savanna woodland in South Africa. Resprout shoot diameter, shoot length and the total cumulative diameter were lower in trees exposed to a high number of cutting events compared to trees exposed to one cutting event. Increasing the number of cutting events significantly reduced stem total non-structural carbohydrate levels in trees indicating a depletion of stored reserves. Foliar carbon content remained largely the same, while leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations significantly increased with each cutting event, relative to uncut trees. Results indicate that trees cut once had not replenished depleted carbohydrate reserves even after a period of 18 months during which no cutting took place. Sustainable utilization of this tree species must allow for at least more than 18 months of undisturbed growth between harvests to allow for the replenishing of reserves.

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“…The genus gets its name from Latin terminus, referring to the fact that the leaves appear at the tips of the shoots (Saxena et al, 2013). Members of the genus Terminalia are widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments, including abdominal disorders, bacterial infections, cough, gastric ulcers, skin diseases, and sore throats (Eloff et al, 2008). Many pharmacological activities were reported for different species of Terminalia including antioxidant (Pfundstein et al, 2010), hepatoprotective (Eesha et al, 2011), antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic (Latha & Daisy, 2011), anti-inflammatory (Nair et al, 2010), and cytotoxic activities (Ponou et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many pharmacological activities were reported for different species of Terminalia including antioxidant (Pfundstein et al, 2010), hepatoprotective (Eesha et al, 2011), antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic (Latha & Daisy, 2011), anti-inflammatory (Nair et al, 2010), and cytotoxic activities (Ponou et al, 2010). The plants of the genus Terminalia are sources of diverse secondary metabolites, including triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, and other phenolic compounds (Eloff et al, 2008;Pfundstein et al, 2010). Terminalia muelleri Benth., known as Australian almond, is native to the coastal forests of Australia, it is a small deciduous tree that grows to about 9 m (Gilman & Watson, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective effect ofTerminalia muelleriagainst carbon tetrachloride-induced hepato and nephro-toxicity in mice and characterization of its bioactive constituents

Fahmy

Al‐Sayed

Abdel-Daim

et al. 2015

Pharmaceutical Biology

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Results: TMEF is rich in ellagitannins, galloyl esters, phenolic acids, and flavone-C-glucosides. TMEF pretreatment significantly (p50.001) inhibited the CCl 4 -induced increase in ALT (17, 43, and 53%), AST (20, 46, and 58%), ALP (20, 48, and 56%), LDH (21, 47, and 58%), hepatic MDA (23, 49, and 54%), renal MDA (22, 35, and 52%), creatinine (48, 66, and 91%), uric acid (16, 34, and 59%), urea (22, 39, and 59%), and cholesterol (20, 27, and 46%). Furthermore, TMEF administration significantly (p50.001) increased hepatic GSH (15, 51, and 79%), renal GSH (23, 45, and 73%), hepatic SOD (9, 52, and 95%), renal SOD (39, 66, and 85%) and protein levels (17, 24, and 29%) at the tested doses of TMEF, respectively. Pretreatment with TMEF preserved the hepatic architecture and protected from ballooning degeneration, liver necrosis, renal inflammation, and degeneration of the kidney tubules. Conclusion: TMEF has a marked hepato-nephro protective effect.

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The biological activity and chemistry of the southern African Combretaceae

Cited by 169 publications

References 68 publications

Detection of antimicrobial compounds by bioautography of different extracts of leaves of selected South African tree species

Detection of antimicrobial compounds by bioautography of different extracts of leaves of selected South African tree species

The effects of repeated cutting on coppice response of Terminalia sericea

Protective effect ofTerminalia muelleriagainst carbon tetrachloride-induced hepato and nephro-toxicity in mice and characterization of its bioactive constituents

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