The Biological Characteristics of Novel H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus and Its Pathogenesis in Ducks

Huang, Jianni; Wu, Siyu; Wu, Wenbo; Liang, Yiqing; Zhuang, Haibin; Ye, Zhiyu; Qu, Xueping; Liao, Ming; Jiao, Peirong

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.628545

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Despite the remarkable ability of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx HPAI viruses to reassort [45] and the extensive circulation of both clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx and H9N2 viruses in Asian and African poultry, reassortment events between H9N2 and HP H5Nx viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 have only rarely been reported. In particular, natural HP 2.3.4.4 H5Nx/H9N2 reassortant viruses were detected in domestic birds in China (2015China ( , 2016 [46][47][48] and Egypt (2018Egypt ( , 2019 [49,50]. It is relevant to highlight that 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5N6 viruses with internal gene constellations derived from H9N2 viruses had also infected humans in 2015 and 2016 in China [51].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Emergence of a Reassortant 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Containing H9N2 PA Gene in Burkina Faso, West Africa, in 2021

Ouoba¹,

Habibata-Zerbo²,

Zecchin

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Since 2006, the poultry population in Burkina Faso has been seriously hit by different waves of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 epizootics. In December 2021, three distinct regions of Burkina Faso, namely, Gomboussougou, Bonyollo, and Koubri, detected HPAI H5N1 viruses in poultry. Whole genome characterization and statistical phylogenetic approaches were applied to shed light on the potential origin of these viruses and estimate the time of virus emergence. Our results revealed that the HPAI H5N1 viruses reported in the three affected regions of Burkina Faso cluster together within clade 2.3.4.4b, and are closely related to HPAI H5N1 viruses identified in Nigeria and Niger in the period 2021–2022, except for the PA gene, which clusters with H9N2 viruses of the zoonotic G1 lineage collected in West Africa between 2017 and 2020. These reassortant viruses possess several mutations that may be associated with an increased zoonotic potential. Although it is difficult to ascertain where and when the reassortment event occurred, the emergence of a H5N1/H9N2 reassortant virus in a vulnerable region, such as West Africa, raises concerns about its possible impact on animal and human health. These findings also highlight the risk that West Africa may become a new hotspot for the emergence of new genotypes of HPAI viruses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Emergence of a Reassortant 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Containing H9N2 PA Gene in Burkina Faso, West Africa, in 2021

Ouoba¹,

Habibata-Zerbo²,

Zecchin

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…Three of the four human influenza pandemics of the last century were caused by genetic reassortment of influenza viruses. Recent genetic reassortment events were observed in emerging H5N1 [ 34 ], H7N9 [ 35 ], H10N8 [ 36 ], and H5N6 [ 37 ]. Most of these reassortants acquired human infectivity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wild Bird-Origin H6N2 Influenza Virus Acquires Enhanced Pathogenicity after Single Passage in Mice

Tang,

Han,

et al. 2024

Viruses

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The H6 subtype of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has emerged as one of the predominant subtypes in both wild and domestic avian species. Currently, H6 AIVs have acquired the ability to infect a wide range of mammals, though the related molecular mechanisms have yet to be fully investigated. In this study, a wild bird-origin H6N2 AIV was isolated from the East Asian–Australasian migratory flyway region located in Liaoning Province. This H6N2 virus initially expressed limited replication in mice. However, after one passage in mice, the virus acquired two mutations, PB2 E627K and HA A110V. The mutant displayed enhanced replication both in vitro and in vivo, proving lethal to mice. But the mutant retained the α-2, 3-linked sialic acid binding property and failed to transmit in guinea pigs. We explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity difference between the wild type and the mutant. Our findings revealed that PB2 E627K dramatically enhanced the polymerase activity of the H6N2 virus, while the HA A110V mutation decreased the pH of HA activation. This study demonstrated that the H6N2 subtype wild bird-origin AIV easily acquired the mammalian adaptation. The monitoring and evaluation of H6 wild bird-origin AIV should be strengthened.

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“…Then, 72 h after infection, we observed and recorded the number of dead chicken embryo(s). The eid50 was calculated according to the method by Reed and Muench [ 62 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycine Nano-Selenium Enhances Immunoglobulin and Cytokine Production in Mice Immunized with H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Vaccine

Ren

Okyere

Zhang

et al. 2022

IJMS

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This study was performed to investigate the immune enhancement effect of glycine nano-selenium, a microelement on H9N2 avian influenza virus vaccine (H9N2 AIV vaccine) in mice. Fifty (50) Specific Pathogen Free Kunming mice aged 4–6 weeks (18–20 g Body weight) were randomly divided into five groups: control normal group, which received no immunization + 0.5 mL 0.9% normal saline, positive control group, which received H9N2 AIV vaccine + 0.5 mL 0.9% normal saline, 0.25 mg/kg selenium group, which received H9N2 AIV vaccine + 0.5 mL 0.25 mg/kg selenium solution, 0.5 mg/kg selenium group, which received H9N2 AIV vaccine + 0.5 mL 0.5 mg/kg selenium solution, and 1 mg/kg selenium group, which received H9N2 AIV vaccine + 0.5 mL 1 mg/kg selenium solution. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) methods were used to investigate the pathological changes, immunoglobulin levels, and cytokine gene expressions in this study. The results showed that all tested doses (0.25 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg and 1.00 mg/kg) of glycine nano-selenium did not lead to poisoning in mice. In addition, when compared to the positive control group, glycine nano-selenium increased the immunoglobin indexes (IgA, IgG, IgM and AIV-H9 IgG in serum) as well as the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and INF-γ in the liver, lungs, and spleen (p < 0.05). In summary, glycine nano-selenium could enhance the efficacy of avian influenza vaccine.

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The Biological Characteristics of Novel H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus and Its Pathogenesis in Ducks

Cited by 8 publications

References 42 publications

Emergence of a Reassortant 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Containing H9N2 PA Gene in Burkina Faso, West Africa, in 2021

Emergence of a Reassortant 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Containing H9N2 PA Gene in Burkina Faso, West Africa, in 2021

Wild Bird-Origin H6N2 Influenza Virus Acquires Enhanced Pathogenicity after Single Passage in Mice

Glycine Nano-Selenium Enhances Immunoglobulin and Cytokine Production in Mice Immunized with H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Vaccine

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