The biological chemistry of gold: A Metallo-drug and heavy-atom label with variable valency

Chrysotherapy: a synoptic review

“…52, 2003 Chrysotherapy 489 include a number of associations in reducing inflammation. These associations are arbitrarily grouped into three sometimes overlapping groups: (a), Au + and Au + metabolites, including Au(CN) 2 - [1,2,43,51,58,59], Au +3 [2,3,47,51,58,60], and Au o [60,61]; (b), immunomodulatory activity, including alterations of peptides, macrophage phagocytosis, histamine release, monocyte migration, T cells, B cells, and immunoglobulins [12, 14, 36, 38, 42, 44, 51, 53, 62-64, 74, 75]; and (c), others. This last category includes tumor necrosis factor [38, 65 -67]; bone resorption [68]; leukocyte infiltration [69], and leukocyte antigens [39,52]; lysosomal enzymes [1,49]; protein-gold complexes [1,2,70]; polymorphonuclear neutrophils [58,71]; sulfhydryl binding sites [1,72]; superoxide ion radical [4,73]; and thioredoxin reductase, a selenoenzyme [34].…”

“…In current medical practice, chrysotherapy -the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with gold-based drugs -is well established. Chrysotherapy derives its name from Chryseis, a golden-haired daughter of a priest of Apollo in Greek mythology [1,2]. Six monovalent organogold complexes are now widely used throughout the world in these treatments (Table 1).…”

“…The newest drug, auranofin, licensed in the mid-1980's, contains coordinated triethylphosphine and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-B-1-D-thioglucose ligands. Auranofin has the advantage of being orally absorbed but is considered less effective than the injectable gold thiolates [1,2]. After more than 70 years of use in the management of RA, chrysotherapy with injectable monovalent organogold salt formulations is now routinely used in the treatment of RA and other diseases having an autoimmune or inflammatory component to their pathogenesis, despite a significant incidence of adverse side effects [3,14,39].…”

“…Gold drugs, such as sodium gold thiomalate, have been used since 1929 in the treatment of patients with RA and are still considered as important disease modifying antirheumatic drugs [39,47,48]. Approximately 50 % of treated patients are usually markedly improved or cured, but toxic side effects were observed in about 40 % of the cases [1]. Adverse side effects of chrysotherapy in 30 to 45 % of treated patients resulted in discontinuation [14, 39, 47 -51].…”

Interactions of Selected Gold(III) Complexes with Calf Thymus DNA

“…Gold(III) complexes, isoelectronic and isostructural to platinum(II) complexes, hold promise as possible antitumor agents (1)(2)(3). Recently, the discovery of new gold(III) complexes with significant antitumor activity, both in vitro and in vivo, increased the interest in this research area.…”