The Biological Context of C-Reactive Protein as a Prognostic Marker in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Studies on the Acute Phase Cytokine Profile

Abstract

High serum levels of the acute phase protein C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with an adverse prognosis in renal cancer. The acute phase reaction is cytokine-driven and includes a wide range of inflammatory mediators. This overall profile of the response depends on the inducing event and can also differ between patients. We investigated an extended acute phase cytokine profile for 97 renal cancer patients. Initial studies showed that the serum CRP levels had an expected prognostic association together with tumor size, stage, nuclear grading, and Leibovich score. Interleukin (IL)6 family cytokines, IL1 subfamily mediators, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α can all be drivers of the acute phase response. Initial studies suggested that serum IL33Rα (the soluble IL33 receptor α chain) levels were also associated with prognosis, although the impact of IL33Rα is dependent on the overall cytokine profile, including seven IL6 family members (IL6, IL6Rα, gp130, IL27, IL31, CNTF, and OSM), two IL1 subfamily members (IL1RA and IL33Rα), and TNFα. We identified a patient subset characterized by particularly high levels of IL6, IL33Rα, and TNFα alongside an adverse prognosis. Thus, the acute phase cytokine reaction differs between renal cancer patients, and differences in the acute phase cytokine profile are associated with prognosis.

The Acute Phase Reaction and Its Prognostic Impact in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Single Biomarkers Including C-Reactive Protein Versus Biomarker Profiles

“…IL33 should also be regarded as an acute phase cytokine, and for these reasons, we included IL33Rα in our present studies of acute phase cytokine profiles. However, the systemic IL33Rα levels did not show an association with prognosis, unlike what was the case in a recent study on renal cell carcinoma [ 71 ].…”

Preoperative C-Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio is a Prognostic Indicator for Survival in Surgically Treated Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Retrospective Cohort Study

“…[14][15][16][17] To predict the prognosis of patients with malignant tumors more accurately and facilitate clinical application, recent studies have verified some inflammatory indicators obtained by routine serum examination, such as CRP, albumin, GPS and CAR. [34][35][36][37] However, relatively few studies on these markers' prognostic significance in patients with GIST, let alone CAR. CAR was initially developed to identify critically ill patients in emergency medical wards and predict 90-day mortality in patients with sepsis.…”

C-Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio Is a Powerful Prognostic Indicator for Survival in Surgically Resected Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Retrospective Cohort Study

“…Therefore, several studies support the theory that the changes in systemic in ammatory factors have a particular prognostic value for cancer [8][9][10][11]. To predict the prognosis of patients with malignant tumors more accurately and facilitate clinical application, recent studies have veri ed some in ammatory indicators obtained by routine serum examination, such as CRP, albumin, GPS and CAR [28][29][30][31].…”