The Biology and Ecology of Armored Scales

Beardsley, John W.; González, Roberto Herranz

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.20.010175.000403

Cited by 175 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In the field, SJS crawlers were most active before 1200 h on sunny days (Mague 1982). Therefore a light-or temperature-related response, which has been documented in other diaspidids (Beardsley and Gonzalez 1975), may at least partially explain the higher crawler densities in the SE quadrant and at the 3.5-rn height.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…The importance of passive aerial dispersal is less well known, but this mode of transport is often implicated in the spread of SJS infestations between hosts and orchards. SJS crawlers, as other diaspidids, are well adapted morphologically for aerial transport (Beardsley and Gonzalez 1975). Greenhouse studies have confirmed that SJS can become windborne in air currents in excess of 1 m/sec (Mathys 1953), but airborne dispersal in the field has not been experimentally documented.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of aerial dispersal in other species of the Coccoidea have demonstrated the potential role of passive airborne dispersal of crawlers in the short-and longrange spread of infestations (Beardsley and Gonzalez 1975). Reports (Rabkin and Lejeune 1954, Brown 1958, Hoelscher 1967, McClure 1977 have differed as to whether the deposition of wind-dispersed crawlers was greater over long distances (between 7.6 and 15 m) or at short distances within and beneath infested trees.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Airborne Dispersal of San Jose Scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), Crawlers Infesting Apple1

Mague

Reissig

1983

Environmental Entomology

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The aerial dispersal of San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), crawlers within the apple tree canopy and between trees was positively correlated with the seasonal abundance of crawlers on the bark. Airborne crawlers were significantly more abundant within the upper portions of the canopy and in the northeast and southeast quadrants. These data supported observations on variations in crawler density by location on the host and suggested that wind direction may have affected the distribution of crawlers dispersing aerially within the trees. The magnitude of aerial dispersal between trees was related to the levels of airborne dispersal within the canopy and the distance to the infested source.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 71%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Airborne Dispersal of San Jose Scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), Crawlers Infesting Apple1

Mague

Reissig

1983

Environmental Entomology

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“…There has been substantial work on the dispersal behaviour of scale insects. Many studies have identified that the juvenile stages are the main agents of dispersal (Beardsley and Gonzalez 1975, Greathead 1990, Greathead 1997, Gullan and Kosztarab 1997. Firstinstar nymphs (crawlers) have been found to possess numerous characteristics that have been considered adaptations for dispersal behaviour, including long legs and antennae (relative to later instars: Beardsley andGonzalez 1975, Gullan andKosztarab 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-specific dispersal behaviour of crawlers in the mealybug Planococcus citri

Ross

Pen

Shuker³

2017

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Sex-specific dispersal can have important evolutionary and ecological implications, influencing local population structure and sex ratio, as well as the speed at which new habitats can be colonized. In scale insects, first-instar nymphs (crawlers) are assumed to be the main dispersal stage. Although all scale insects are extremely sexually dimorphic, in most species the sexes are indistinguishable as crawlers. Here we consider the mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso), and dispersal by crawlers to or from resource patches. The aim of this study was to test if: (1) crawler dispersal behaviour differs between the sexes and how this is affected by local conditions (population density and sex ratio); and (2) there is a difference between the sexes in crawler dispersal success to a new host plant. Using two experiments, which differed in how resources were spread between dispersal sources and sinks, we show that male and female nymphs do not differ in their dispersal behaviour or in their dispersal success when dispersal is via crawler locomotion. These laboratory experiments are an important starting point for understanding the evolution of dispersal behaviour of P. citri in the field, suggesting that more attention might need to be paid to different methods of dispersal as well as crawler locomotion.

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“…Amongst these are a hard, waxy protective covering or scale (Foldi, 1990b), neoteny (Koteja, 1990), high levels of polyphagy (Beardsley & Gonzales, 1975;McClure, 1990c) and high rates of speciation (Miller & Davidson, 2005;Provencher et al, 2005). Another unusual feature, which has been largely ignored, is the ability of the adult female to grow substantially after the final moult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diaspidid (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) size plasticity as an adaptive life history trait

Hill¹,

Henderson²,

Mauchline³

2011

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. The size and fecundity of Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on partially resistant and susceptible kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) varieties was measured. The size ratio of mature H. lataniae grown on a partially resistant genotype, compared with those on a susceptible genotype, was 0.67-0.51 for 2 nd instar exuviae area, 0.32 for adult body area and 0.18 for estimated body volume. The fertility ratio was 0.1, but the pre-oviposition period and the size of the crawlers were the same. Diaspidid scale insects' unusual ability to continue growing after the final moult appears to be a key feature allowing these insects to show extreme size plasticity while retaining the ability to reproduce even when very small. These observations challenge current theories of insect development that postulate the need to achieve a critical weight threshold before the final moult. We suggest that this strategy may have assisted the evolution of polyphagy within the Diaspididae.

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The Biology and Ecology of Armored Scales

Cited by 175 publications

References 20 publications

Airborne Dispersal of San Jose Scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), Crawlers Infesting Apple1

Airborne Dispersal of San Jose Scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), Crawlers Infesting Apple1

Sex-specific dispersal behaviour of crawlers in the mealybug Planococcus citri

Diaspidid (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) size plasticity as an adaptive life history trait

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