The biology, ecology and history of toheroa (<i>Paphies ventricosa</i>): a review of scientific, local and customary knowledge

Ross, Philip M.; Beentjes, Michael P.; Cope, J; Lange, Willem P. de; McFadgen, Bruce; Redfearn, P.; Searle, Ben; Skerrett, Michael; Smith, H. K.; Smith, Shade; Tuhi, J. Te; Tamihana, J.; Williams, James R.

doi:10.1080/00288330.2017.1383279

Cited by 8 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The distribution of toheroa is unlike that of any other New Zealand marine invertebrate 2 , 14 , 17 (Fig. 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…For species which occur under a relatively narrow range of environmental conditions, distances between populations may be great and inter-population dispersal rare 9 , 13 . One such open-coast organism that occurs in geographically discrete populations and is hypothesised to experience limited inter-population connectivity is the toheroa ( Paphies ventricosa ) 14 , a large intertidal surf clam endemic to Aotearoa (New Zealand).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the start of the 20th century, extensive toheroa populations were present on a handful of exposed west and south facing surf beaches (Fig. 1 ) 14 . Toheroa were a staple food for Māori (the indigenous people of New Zealand) in these areas and remain a species of great cultural importance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Toheroa began to be harvested more extensively by Pākehā (New Zealanders of European descent) from the late 1800s and intense harvesting over the next 60–70 years resulted in toheroa populations declining to levels where their harvest was no longer viable. Commercial and recreational fisheries were closed between 1969 and 1980 14 . Since that time only limited harvest for Māori customary purposes have been permitted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since that time only limited harvest for Māori customary purposes have been permitted. Despite having been protected for over 40 years, toheroa populations nationwide have, for unknown reasons, failed to recover, with some populations continuing to decline 14 .

Figure 1 The distribution of toheroa ( Paphies ventricosa ) in Aotearoa (New Zealand).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Historical translocations by Māori may explain the distribution and genetic structure of a threatened surf clam in Aotearoa (New Zealand)

Ross

Knox

Smith³

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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The population genetic structure of toheroa (Paphies ventricosa), an Aotearoa (New Zealand) endemic surf clam, was assessed to determine levels of inter-population connectivity and test hypotheses regarding life history, habitat distribution and connectivity in coastal vs. estuarine taxa. Ninety-eight toheroa from populations across the length of New Zealand were sequenced for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene with analyses suggesting a population genetic structure unique among New Zealand marine invertebrates. Toheroa genetic diversity was high in Te Ika-a Māui (the North Island of New Zealand) but completely lacking in the south of Te Waipounamu (the South Island), an indication of recent isolation. Changes in habitat availability, long distance dispersal events or translocation of toheroa to southern New Zealand by Māori could explain the observed geographic distribution of toheroa and their genetic diversity. Given that early-Māori and their ancestors, were adept at food cultivation and relocation, the toheroa translocation hypothesis is plausible and may explain the disjointed modern distribution of this species. Translocation would also explain the limited success in restoring what may in some cases be ecologically isolated populations located outside their natural distributions and preferred niches.

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“…The distribution of toheroa is unlike that of any other New Zealand marine invertebrate 2 , 14 , 17 (Fig. 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Figure 1 The distribution of toheroa ( Paphies ventricosa ) in Aotearoa (New Zealand).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Historical translocations by Māori may explain the distribution and genetic structure of a threatened surf clam in Aotearoa (New Zealand)

Ross

Knox

Smith³

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Bacterial composition in the toheroa (Paphies ventricosa), a threatened surf clam from Aotearoa (New Zealand)

et al. 2022

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The toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) is an Aotearoa (New Zealand) endemic surf clam that remains threatened following population collapse due to overfishing in the twentieth century. Despite protective measures being in place for more than 4 decades, toheroa populations have inexplicably failed to recover. As part of an investigation into the possible role of disease in preventing their recovery, an exploration of the bacterial composition in toheroa was conducted over their entire geographic range. The bacterial composition in toheroa tissues was dominated by Spirochaetaceae, Mycoplasmataceae, and Endozoicomonadaceae, and varied at both large (between geographically separated sites) and small spatial scales (beds < 10 km apart). At small scales, it was habitat, in this case the presence or absence of freshwater outflows, which appeared to be a major influence on bacterial composition. Given that the decline of toheroa has also coincided with changes in land use that have reduced the amount of freshwater reaching the toheroa beaches, it is possible that habitat-related shifts in the abundance of certain bacterial symbionts are affecting the health and impeding recovery of this iconic and culturally significant species.

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Histopathology of a threatened surf clam, toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) from Aotearoa New Zealand

Bennion

Lane

McDonald

et al. 2022

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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The biology, ecology and history of toheroa (Paphies ventricosa): a review of scientific, local and customary knowledge

Cited by 8 publications

References 55 publications

Historical translocations by Māori may explain the distribution and genetic structure of a threatened surf clam in Aotearoa (New Zealand)

Historical translocations by Māori may explain the distribution and genetic structure of a threatened surf clam in Aotearoa (New Zealand)

Bacterial composition in the toheroa (Paphies ventricosa), a threatened surf clam from Aotearoa (New Zealand)

Histopathology of a threatened surf clam, toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) from Aotearoa New Zealand

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