THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 91. Malva pusilla Sm. (= M. rotundifolia L.)

Makowski, Roberte M. D.; Morrison, Ian N.

doi:10.4141/cjps89-101

Cited by 28 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Blackshaw (1990) reported similar results, with the greatest round-leaved mallow emergence occurring at depths of 0.5 to 2 cm, with emergence declining significantly from 3 to 6 cm and no emergence occurring at 8 cm. Although fluctuating soil moisture did not significantly affect emergence of this species in our experiment, Makowski and Morrison (1989) found that major infestations of this weed generally occur in regions of western Canada, where relative precipitation levels are high. Barnyardgrass emergence also was unaffected by seeding depth when moisture did not fluctuate, although surface seeds or seeds at 6 to 7 cm emerged more slowly than seeds between 1 and 4 cm ( Table 2).…”

Section: Annual Weed Speciescontrasting

confidence: 70%

The effects of depth and fluctuating soil moisture on the emergence of eight annual and six perennial plant species

Boyd¹,

Acker

2003

Weed Science

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Weed seedling emergence is partially dependent on biotic and abiotic conditions directly surrounding the seed. When environmental conditions are appropriate, seed germination and emergence occurs. We studied the impact of seeding depth (surface, 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and 6 to 7 cm) and fluctuating soil moisture regimes (field capacity [FC]–1/3FC–FC; FC–1/6FC–FC) on percent weed emergence in a greenhouse. At FC, wild mustard and field pennycress had the greatest percent emergence when seeds were placed on or near the soil surface, whereas percent emergence of barnyardgrass and round-leaved mallow was unaffected by seeding depth. All the perennials tested had the greatest percent emergence at FC when seeds were placed near or on the soil surface, except for common milkweed which only emerged below the soil surface. When soil moisture levels fluctuated, surface seeds of barnyardgrass, catchweed bedstraw, green foxtail, wheat, and wild oat had less emergence than seeds below the soil surface; field pennycress had increased emergence when the seeds were placed on the surface; and round-leaved mallow and wild mustard emergence was unaffected by seeding depth. The emergence of curly dock, dandelion, and perennial sowthistle was unaffected by seeding depth, whereas foxtail barley and quackgrass emergence was reduced when seeds were placed on the surface and soil moisture fluctuated.

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Section: Annual Weed Speciescontrasting

confidence: 70%

The effects of depth and fluctuating soil moisture on the emergence of eight annual and six perennial plant species

Boyd¹,

Acker

2003

Weed Science

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“…[oat], Hordeum murinum [barley]). A recent history of human‐caused fires on the islands likely facilitated the spread of exotic annuals, particularly hard‐seeded exotic annuals like Malva that are encouraged by fire (Makowski & Morrison 1989; Junak & Philbrick 1994; Milberg & Lamont 1995). With its competitive ability, persistent seed bank (>100 years), and ability to inbreed (Kivilaan & Bandurski 1981; Milberg & Lamont 1995), Malva 's presence may be permanent once established.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and Hordeum spp. (N. Vivrette, Ransom Seed Laboratory, personal communication, 2000; Vivrette & Muller 1977; Makowski & Morrison 1989. Exotic grasses have also been shown to have ecosystem‐level impacts through resource competition, geomorphological changes, and alteration of fire regimes (Mack 1981; D'Antonio & Vitousek 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Islands, Exotic Herbivores, and Invasive Plants: Their Roles in Coastal California Restoration

Donlan

Croll

Tershy³

2003

Restoration Ecology

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The Pacific islands off southern California, U.S.A. and Baja California, Mexico hold potential for the conservation and restoration of California Mediterranean coastal ecosystems. However, the presence of exotic herbivores and invasive plants pose threats to these systems. Here, we use introduced herbivore removal as a large‐scale experimental manipulation to examine the importance of top‐down and bottom‐up processes to a large‐scale restoration effort. Using a paired approach on the Todos Santos Islands, Mexico we removed herbivores from one island, while they temporarily remained on an adjacent and similar island. We augmented this experiment with smaller scale herbivore exclosures on the control island. At both scales we failed to detect an herbivore effect on the plant community; rather plant community dynamics appeared to be dominated by El Niño related precipitation and exotic annuals. A parallel experiment on the San Benito Islands, Mexico revealed a different dynamic: Top‐down effects on the plant community by exotic herbivores were evident. Differences in the response from the plant communities to both exotic herbivore presence and removal between these two island groups, along with Santa Barbara Island, U.S.A., where restoration has been on‐going, raise important questions in ecosystem restoration. The history of anthropogenic disturbance, exotic plant abundance, and aridity play roles in postherbivore removal recovery. Although island conservation practitioners have honed the ability to remove exotic mammals from islands, development of invasive plant removal techniques is needed to fully capitalize on the conservation potential of California island ecosystems.

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“…Round-leaved mallow has been a pest of yards, gardens, and waste places (4). Recentiy, it has become a problem in field crops, especially under moist conditions (9,10). Weed surveys in the Canadian Prairies (3,17,18,19) show that round-leaved mallow has increased in fields crops in all three provinces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Round-leaved mallow is generally considered an annual. It has prostrate or spreading growth habit, a stem with many branches that can extend to over 1 m in length, and a long taproot (10). Growth is variable and influenced by environment and competition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Round-leaved Mallow (Malva pusilla) Interference in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Lentil (Lens culinaris) in Saskatchewan

Makowski

1995

Weed sci.

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The competitive ability of annual round-leaved mallow was determined in spring wheat and lentil at Indian Head and Regina, Saskatchewan, in 1985 and 1986 using paired quadrats. Significant biomass and seed yield loss occurred in three of four tests in lentil and two of three tests in spring wheat. Differences in numbers of wheat tillers produced between weedy and weed-free plots were found in three of four tests. A two-variable model comprised of early season crop density loss and round-leaved mallow biomass best accounted for the majority of variation in crop yield loss for both lentil and wheat, and tiller density loss in wheat. In 1985 at Indian Head, where no yield loss occurred for either wheat or lentil, round-leaved mallow had been seeded immediately before the crop. Greater yield losses occurred at Regina, in the presence of an older, well-established infestation. In the years and locations with the greatest crop yield losses, round-leaved mallow emerged before the crop causing poor crop emergence. At Regina in 1986, crop yield losses were more than 60% in wheat and 90 to 100% in lentil because of large differences in crop density between weed-free and weedy subplots. Round-leaved mallow exhibited great variability in growth, producing more biomass per plant, more capsules per plant, and more capsules per gram of biomass in the less competitive crop, lentil, than in wheat. Density and biomass of round-leaved mallow were not correlated; with a density of 200 plants m−2, round-leaved mallow biomass in wheat ranged from 100 to 500 g m−2; while in lentil, from 200 to as high as 1000 g m−2, approximately double the range found in wheat. The type of round-leaved mallow infestation (newly seeded or well-established) and environmental conditions (mainly early season precipitation) account for differences between sites and between years.

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THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 91. Malva pusilla Sm. (= M. rotundifolia L.)

Cited by 28 publications

References 27 publications

The effects of depth and fluctuating soil moisture on the emergence of eight annual and six perennial plant species

The effects of depth and fluctuating soil moisture on the emergence of eight annual and six perennial plant species

Islands, Exotic Herbivores, and Invasive Plants: Their Roles in Coastal California Restoration

Round-leaved Mallow (Malva pusilla) Interference in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Lentil (Lens culinaris) in Saskatchewan

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