The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 137. <i>Brassica napus</i> L. and <i>B. rapa</i> L.

Gulden, Robert H.; Warwick, S. I.; Thomas, A. G.

doi:10.4141/cjps07203

Cited by 42 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 335 publications

(314 reference statements)

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“…Selection has also led to increased linolenic acid content (Seehuber 1984;Zubr and Mattha¨us 2002;Zubr 2003b, Vollmann et al 2005, as has seed irradiationbased mutagenesis (Vollmann et al 1996(Vollmann et al , 1997Bu¨ch-senschu¨tz-Nothdurft et al 1998), where erucic acid was also reduced. The average oil content of 33Á44% is comparable with that of 40Á45% in canola species (Brassica napus and B. rapa L.) from western Canada (Gulden et al 2008) and 25Á45% in flax (linseed oil) from Europe (Nykter et al 2006).…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 71%

The biology of Canadian weeds. 142. Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell.; C. microcarpa Andrz. ex DC.; C. sativa (L.) Crantz.

Francis¹,

Warwick²

2009

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 142. Camelina alyssum (Mill.) The most common of the three species in North America, C. microcarpa, arrived in the late 19th century, and subsequently appeared at numerous crop and uncultivated sites across the country, probably in cargo as the railways expanded. Camelina alyssum appeared in the early 20th century at restricted sites on the prairies, mostly in Saskatchewan. All three species have diminished in importance as crop weeds in western Canada over the past few decades. This reduction could be related to increased weed control by herbicides. Herbicide-resistant biotypes have recently been reported in C. microcarpa. Camelina sativa has attracted renewed interest as an oil crop, because of an adaptation to various climatic conditions, low nutrient requirements and resistance to disease and pests. In Europe, where it is now widely grown, it has shown considerable potential in the food, animal feed, nutraceutical, paint, dye, cosmetic and biofuel industries. In North America, it is being grown on a trial basis mainly for its potential as a biofuel in Alberta, Saskatchewan, the Maritime Provinces, and the northern United States of America. Cet article dresse le bilan de l'information connue sur la biologie de trois adventices du groupe des crucife`res : Camelina alyssum, C. microcarpa et C. sativa. Camelina sativa qu'on utilise ou cultive pour son huile depuis plusieurs sie`cles en Europe, a e´te´la premie`re a`atteindre l'Ame´rique du Nord comme mauvaise herbe, vers le milieu du XIX e sie`cle. Elle s'est ensuite e´tendue peu a`peu aux Prairies, surtout dans les cultures, pour parvenir en Colombie-Britannique et jusque dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest. C. microcarpa, la plus commune des trois espe`ces en sol nord-ame´ricain, a e´te´introduite vers la fin du XIX e sie`cle avant d'apparaıˆtre dans de multiples cultures et terrains incultes du continent, sans doute avec l'expansion du transport des marchandises et du trafic ferroviaire. Camelina alyssum est survenue au de´but du XX e sie`cle a`quelques endroits des Prairies, principalement en Saskatchewan. Les trois espe`ces ont perdu de l'importance en tant que mauvaises herbes dans l'ouest du Canada ces dernie`res de´cennies. On le doit peut-eˆtre a`l'usage accru des herbicides pour lutter contre les adventices. Des biotypes re´sistants aux herbicides ont re´cemment e´te´signale´s pour C. microcarpa. Camelina sativa a suscite´un regain d'inte´reˆt comme ole´agineux, en raison de sa facilite´d'adaptation aux conditions climatiques, de ses faibles exigences nutritives et de sa re´sistance a`la maladie et aux ravageurs. En Europe, ou`on la cultive couramment, cette plante pre´sente un potentiel conside´rable comme culture vivrie`re ou fourrage`re, comme nutraceutique, ainsi que pour les industries de la peinture, des colorants, des cosme´tiques et des biocarburants. En Ame´rique du Nord, on la cultive expe´rimentalement en Alberta, en Saskatchewan, dans les Maritimes et dans le nord des É .-U., principalement en raison de son u...

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Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 71%

The biology of Canadian weeds. 142. Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell.; C. microcarpa Andrz. ex DC.; C. sativa (L.) Crantz.

Francis¹,

Warwick²

2009

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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“…Brassica rapa is a perfect-flowered, self-incompatible annual naturalized across much of North America [29]. In Eastern Canada, seeds germinate in the spring, and plants …”

Section: Methods (A) Study Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating selection through male fitness: three complementary methods illuminate the nature and causes of selection on flowering time

Austen

Weis

2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Our understanding of selection through male fitness is limited by the resource demands and indirect nature of the best available genetic techniques. Applying complementary, independent approaches to this problem can help clarify evolution through male function. We applied three methods to estimate selection on flowering time through male fitness in experimental populations of the annual plant Brassica rapa : (i) an analysis of mating opportunity based on flower production schedules, (ii) genetic paternity analysis, and (iii) a novel approach based on principles of experimental evolution. Selection differentials estimated by the first method disagreed with those estimated by the other two, indicating that mating opportunity was not the principal driver of selection on flowering time. The genetic and experimental evolution methods exhibited striking agreement overall, but a slight discrepancy between the two suggested that negative environmental covariance between age at flowering and male fitness may have contributed to phenotypic selection. Together, the three methods enriched our understanding of selection on flowering time, from mating opportunity to phenotypic selection to evolutionary response. The novel experimental evolution method may provide a means of examining selection through male fitness when genetic paternity analysis is not possible.

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“…B. napus is self-compatible, as are some of its hybrids (Gulden et al, 2008), and siliques are produced by autogamous self-fertilization in the greenhouse. S. arvensis is an obligate outcrossing species and therefore did not produce siliques.…”

Section: Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and environmental determinants of unreduced gamete production in Brassica napus, Sinapis arvensis and their hybrids

2016

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Unreduced gametes, sperm or egg cells with the somatic chromosome number, are an important mechanism of polyploid formation and gene flow between heteroploid plants. The meiotic processes leading to unreduced gamete formation are well documented, but the relative influence of environmental and genetic factors on the frequency of unreduced gametes remain largely untested. Furthermore, direct estimates of unreduced gametes based on DNA content are technically challenging and, hence, uncommon. Here, we use flow cytometry to measure the contribution of genetic (hybridization) and environmental (nutrient limitation, wounding) changes to unreduced male gamete production in Brassica napus, Sinapis arvensis and two hybrid lines. Treatments were applied to greenhouse grown plants in a random factorial design, with pollen sampled at two time intervals. Overall, the frequency of unreduced gametes averaged 0.59% (range 0.06-2.17%), plus a single outlier with 27%. Backcrossed hybrids had 39 to 75% higher unreduced gamete production than parental genotypes, averaged across all treatments, although the statistical significance of these differences depended on sampling period and wounding treatment. Unreduced gamete frequencies were higher for the second sampling period than the first. There were no direct effects of wounding or nutrient regime. Our results indicate that both genetic and environmental factors can induce increased unreduced gametes, highlighting the potential importance of environmental heterogeneity and genetic composition of populations in driving polyploid evolution.

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The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 137. Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.

Cited by 42 publications

References 335 publications

The biology of Canadian weeds. 142. Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell.; C. microcarpa Andrz. ex DC.; C. sativa (L.) Crantz.

The biology of Canadian weeds. 142. Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell.; C. microcarpa Andrz. ex DC.; C. sativa (L.) Crantz.

Estimating selection through male fitness: three complementary methods illuminate the nature and causes of selection on flowering time

Genetic and environmental determinants of unreduced gamete production in Brassica napus, Sinapis arvensis and their hybrids

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