The Biology of Coronaviruses

Siddell, Stuart G.; Wege, H.; Meulen, Volker ter

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-64-4-761

Cited by 272 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 150 publications

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“…This study provides additional evidence for excluding it from the Coronaviridae. Coronaviruses are usually spherical, of different dimensions from Breda virus and can replicate in enucleated cells (Chasey & Alexander, 1976;Oshiro, 1973;Siddell et al, 1983). Intracellular Breda virions most closely resemble those of bacilliform rhabdoviruses in which both ends are rounded (Orenstein et al, 1976), but Breda virus is smaller.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Morphological Study of the Replication of Breda Virus (Proposed Family Toroviridae) in Bovine Intestinal Cells

Fagerland¹,

Pohlenz²,

Woode

1986

Journal of General Virology

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SUMMARYThe morphological aspects of Breda virus serotype 2 replication in intestinal cells of gnotobiotic calves were investigated by electron microscopy. Ultrastructural findings suggest a morphogenetic pathway involving cytoplasmic vesicles, the Golgi apparatus and the cell nucleus. Virus uptake probably occurs via a receptor-mediated endocytosis-like mechanism. Endocytotic vesicles then carry virus to an as yet undetermined site of uncoating. Masses of tubules having the same diameters as Breda virion cores are found in nuclei, suggesting a role for the cell nucleus in replication of nucleocapsids. Similar tubules, as well as complete virions, were found in the Golgi region, the apparent site of virus assembly. Virus-containing Golgi vesicles then presumably move to cell surfaces where they fuse with apical and baso-lateral cell membranes to release virions in a way that permits more than one viral replicative cycle to occur without damage to host cell integrity. Virions are elongated with rounded ends and measure 42 x 100.5 nm. The morphogenesis and replication of Breda virus most closely resembles that of Berne virus of the proposed family Toroviridae.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Morphological Study of the Replication of Breda Virus (Proposed Family Toroviridae) in Bovine Intestinal Cells

Fagerland¹,

Pohlenz²,

Woode

1986

Journal of General Virology

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“…4,6 Both viruses are also antigenically related to the porcine HEV and human HCV-OC43 coronaviruses, 2 other viruses that belong to the subgroup of mammalian hemagglutinating coronaviruses. 26 Previous studies have demonstrated that these viruses all share antigenic determinants located on their homologous structural proteins. 7,16 The morphologic and serologic homologies among the viruses belonging to this subgroup of coronaviruses, except for MHV-3, was well demonstrated using the PAG-IEM method.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data obtained by PAG-IEM thus helps confirm the serologic classification of coronaviruses that was originally established on the basis of results obtained by indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA. 5,13,20,26 Recently, molecular hybridization studies with cDNA probes holding sequences from the N and M genes of TGEV and BCV also permitted identification of coronaviruses that were antigenically closely related to the parental virus but not of the coronaviruses belonging to an antigenically unrelated subgroup. 25 Only a weak hybridization signal was obtained using BCV cDNA probes against MHV-3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Coronaviruses by the Use of Indirect Protein A-Gold Immunoelectron Microscopy

Dea

Garzón

1991

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. Concentration by airfuge and protein A-colloidal gold immunoelectron microscopy (PAG-IEM) offered a rapid and sensitive method for detection and identification of coronaviruses from various species. The method was applied to partially purified tissue culture-adapted or egg-adapted mammalian and avian coronaviruses and to clarified fecal samples from diarrheic calves and turkey poults for detection of enteric coronaviruses. Aggregates of virus coated with specific antibody were seen in virus samples mixed with homologous antiserum but not in control samples containing preexposure serum. At least a 10-50-fold enhancement of the sensitivity of direct EM for virus detection was obtained using protein A-colloidal gold complex as an electron-dense marker. The PAG-IEM method demonstrated low nonspecific background labeling and permitted detection of soluble and particle-associated antigen. Reciprocal cross-reactivity was detected among the subgroup of mammalian hemagglutinating coronaviruses, and antisera to 4 members of other subgroups only recognized their homologous virus.Coronaviruses, particularly enteropathogenic strains, from avian and mammalian species are difficult to grow in cell cultures. 2 6 Direct electron microscopy (DEM) of viral particles in clarified fecal specimens and fluorescent antibody techniques for detection of coronavirus antigens in the cells of infected gut are generally used for the diagnosis of enteric coronaviral infections. 11,14,18,19,21 The detection of coronavirus antigens by indirect immunofluorescence (IFF) is dependent on tissue being removed very shortly after death, and most antigen is present early in the course of disease. 19,21 The lack of highly specific antisera can also compromise the specificity of the IFF technique. Coronaviruses are difficult to identify in negatively stained preparations because they are very pleomorphic and the peplomers are lost during processing of clinical specimens. 10,11,14 It is difficult to distinguish coronavirus particles from cell artifacts such as parts of nuclear or cytoplasmic membranes and other fringed bodies 10 Several immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) . methods for detecting enteric coronaviruses are more sensitive than conventionnal DEM. techniques; 17,24 however, the sensitivity of these methods is still dependent on the morphologic identification of virus particles or immune complexes on the EM grids. The recently described colloidal gold immunoelectron mi- Presented at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the AAVLD, Denver, CO, October 6-11, 1990.Received for publication February 13, 1991. croscopy technique improves detection of bovine enteric coronavirus (BCV) in fecal samples. 9 The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of combining the concentration of viral suspensions by airfuge and the indirect protein A-colloidal gold immunoelectron microscopy labeling (PAG-IEM) techniques for the detection and differentiation of avian and mammalian enteric and respiratory coronaviruses. Materials and methodsViruses an...

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“…Bovine coronavirus (BCV) is an enteropathogenic coronavirus causing severe diarrhoea in newborn calves (Siddell et al, 1983). The mechanisms by which BCV infects cells and causes disease are not well characterized, nor are the factors known which determine the host and tissue specificity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine coronavirus uses N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid as a receptor determinant to initiate the infection of cultured cells

Schultze

Herrler

1992

Journal of General Virology

100

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The importance of N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) as a receptor determinant for bovine coronavirus (BCV) on cultured cells was analysed. Pretreatment of MDCK I (Madin Darby canine kidney) cells with neuraminidase or acetylesterase rendered the cells resistant to infection by BCV. The receptors on a human (CaCo-2) and a porcine (LLC-PK1) epithelial cell line were also found to be sensitive to neuraminidase treatment. The susceptibility to infection by BCV was restored after resialylation of asialo-MDCK i cells with Neu5,9Ac2. Transfer of sialic acid lacking a 9-O-acetyl group was ineffective in this respect. These results demonstrate that 9-0-acetylated sialic acid is used as a receptor determinant by BCV to infect cultured cells. The possibility is discussed that the initiation ofa BCV infection involves the recognition of different types of receptors, a first receptor for primary attachment and a second receptor to mediate the fusion between the viral envelope and the cellular membrane.

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The Biology of Coronaviruses

Cited by 272 publications

References 150 publications

A Morphological Study of the Replication of Breda Virus (Proposed Family Toroviridae) in Bovine Intestinal Cells

A Morphological Study of the Replication of Breda Virus (Proposed Family Toroviridae) in Bovine Intestinal Cells

Identification of Coronaviruses by the Use of Indirect Protein A-Gold Immunoelectron Microscopy

Bovine coronavirus uses N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid as a receptor determinant to initiate the infection of cultured cells

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