The Biology of Southern African Lyssavirus Variants

Aa, King; Cd, Meredith; Gr, Thomson

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78490-3_15

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Therefore, contrary to the situation with the canid isolates, it is possible that different subgroups of mongoose virus are present in South Africa, although this can only be confirmed after more extensive analysis, involving a large number of virus isolates. The investigation based on MAb reactivity patterns with southern African rabies viruses resulted in a similar conclusion (King et al, 1994). It would also be of interest to compare these mongoose virus isolates with rabies virus isolates from other parts of the world, which are known to vary significantly from the European/ vaccine strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…carnivores or non-carnivores thought not to be important in the maintenance of rabies virus). However, the evolutionary relationship between these two groups of viruses, referred to as 'canid' and 'viverrid', as well as their relationships with other viruses elsewhere in Africa and in other continents is difficult to determine on the basis of antigenicity (King et al, 1994). Comparison and analyses of nucleic acid sequence data from some African rabies virus isolates have indicated that such an approach should complement the MAb studies and be useful in elucidating evolutionary relationships (Nel et al, 1994;Smith et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in South Africa: evidence for two distinct virus groups

Teichman

Thomson²,

Meredith³

et al. 1995

Journal of General Virology

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In order to derive phylogenetic relationships between rabies virus isolates from different geographical locations and host species in South Africa, two genome regions of the virus, viz. the cytoplasmic domain of the glycoprotein and the G-L intergenic region (pseudogene), were sequenced. A high level of nucleic acid sequence conservation indicated a close phylogenetic relationship between virus isolates from domestic dogs, jackals and bat-eared foxes, i.e. Canidae. These isolates aot~eared to be distinct from but closely related to European strains of rabies virus. However, a phylogenetically distinguishable and distant group, which contained isolates from mongooses (i.e. Viverridae) was identifiable. The latter group appears to be distantly related to European and vaccine strains of rabies virus and may have evolved uniquely on the central plateau of South Africa. Our data also indicate that spillover from mongooses (or other viverrids) to canid hosts occurs occasionally.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in South Africa: evidence for two distinct virus groups

Teichman

Thomson²,

Meredith³

et al. 1995

Journal of General Virology

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“…Since the first isolation of a rabies-related virus in Africa in 1956, the number of viral variants implicated in rabies encephalitis etiology has increased considerably (1,26,43). This led to the creation of the Lyssavirus genus in the Rhabdoviridae family.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), micromammals, and insectivorous microchiropterans (Miniopterus and Nycteris spp. ), respectively (26). EBL1 and EBL2 are widely distributed in Europe, from Russia to Spain, mainly in coastal regions (43).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evidence of TwoLyssavirusPhylogroups with Distinct Pathogenicity and Immunogenicity

Badrane

Bahloul

Perrin

et al. 2001

J Virol

284

217

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The genetic diversity of representative members of the Lyssavirus genus (rabies and rabies-related viruses) was evaluated using the gene encoding the transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the virus-host interaction, immunogenicity, and pathogenicity. Phylogenetic analysis distinguished seven genotypes, which could be divided into two major phylogroups having the highest bootstrap values. Phylogroup I comprises the worldwide genotype 1 (classic Rabies virus), the European bat lyssavirus (EBL) genotypes 5 (EBL1) and 6 (EBL2), the African genotype 4 (Duvenhage virus), and the Australian bat lyssavirus genotype 7. Phylogroup II comprises the divergent African genotypes 2 (Lagos bat virus) and 3 (Mokola virus). We studied immunogenic and pathogenic properties to investigate the biological significance of this phylogenetic grouping. Viruses from phylogroup I (Rabies virus and EBL1) were found to be pathogenic for mice when injected by the intracerebral or the intramuscular route, whereas viruses from phylogroup II (Mokola and Lagos bat viruses) were only pathogenic by the intracerebral route. We showed that the glycoprotein R333 residue essential for virulence was naturally replaced by a D333 in the phylogroup II viruses, likely resulting in their attenuated pathogenicity. Moreover, cross-neutralization distinguished the same phylogroups. Within each phylogroup, the amino acid sequence of the glycoprotein ectodomain was at least 74% identical, and antiglycoprotein virus-neutralizing antibodies displayed cross-neutralization. Between phylogroups, the identity was less than 64.5% and the cross-neutralization was absent, explaining why the classical rabies vaccines (phylogroup I) cannot protect against lyssaviruses from phylogroup II. Our tree-axial analysis divided lyssaviruses into two phylogroups that more closely reflect their biological characteristics than previous serotypes and genotypes.

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“…Mokola virus has been responsible for a few cases of human and animal encephalomyelitis, largely dispersed throughout sub-saharian Africa (Foggin, 1982). The induced pathology is similar to that of rabies, although no typical ' furious ' form has been associated with Mokola virus infection (King et al, 1994). In mice, Mokola virus is less virulent than rabies virus since it does not kill when injected by a peripheral route (Perrin et al, 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

The complete Mokola virus genome sequence: structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Mercier

Jacob

Tordo

1997

Journal of General Virology

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The genome sequence of the rabies-related virus Mokola virus (genus Lyssavirus) has been completed by sequencing the L gene, which consists of 6384 nucleotides encoding a 2127 amino acid polymerase. Alignment of the Mokola virus L protein with other polymerases from the virus order Mononegavirales defined three domains : a divergent NH 2 -terminal domain, a highly conserved central domain carrying most of the functional motifs and a COOHterminal domain with alternating conserved and divergent regions. A statistical study outlined the stringency of conservation of glycine, acidic (D, E) and basic (K, R, H) amino acids in polymerases, particularly as key residues of the conserved motifs.Mokola virus is a rabies-related virus that forms genotype 3 of the genus Lyssavirus (family Rhabdoviridae) (Bourhy et al., 1993). It is among the most genetically distant from rabies virus (genotype 1), and modern anti-rabies vaccines fail to protect against Mokola virus infection. Mokola virus has been responsible for a few cases of human and animal encephalomyelitis, largely dispersed throughout sub-saharian Africa (Foggin, 1982). The induced pathology is similar to that of rabies, although no typical ' furious ' form has been associated with Mokola virus infection (King et al., 1994). In mice, Mokola virus is less virulent than rabies virus since it does not kill when injected by a peripheral route (Perrin et al., 1996). In vitro, Mokola virus can multiply in mosquito (Aedes albopictus) cells whereas rabies virus cannot (Aitken et al., 1984). This characteristic is shared only by very distant lyssaviruses such as Obodhiang and Kotokan, which are true arboviruses (Buckley, 1975). Indeed, Mokola virus has been isolated from insectivorous mammals such as shrews (Shope et al., 1970).The Mokola virus genome is a single negative-stranded RNA molecule (order Mononegavirales) which encodes five proteins. Two interact with the viral membrane : the matrix Author for correspondence : Noe$ l Tordo.Fax j33 1 40 61 32 56. e-mail ntordo!pasteur.frThe nucleotide sequence reported in this paper will appear in the EMBL nucleotide sequence database under accession number Y09762.protein (M or M2), which is involved in virion morphology, and the transmembrane glycoprotein (G), which provides cell receptor recognition, and against which neutralizing antibodies are directed. The other three proteins in the ribonucleocapsid structure participate in transcription and replication : the nucleoprotein (N) tightly encapsidates the genome, making it a template for the polymerase complex which comprises the cofactor phosphoprotein (P or M1) and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L). The latter is a nucleotidyl transferase (RNA synthesis), a guanylyl transferase (capping) and a poly(A) synthetase (polyadenylation). In several mononegavirales, L protein has also been shown to be a specific kinase for the phosphoprotein, although the functional role of this phosphorylation remains to be demonstrated (Gao & Lenard, 1995).We have completed the sequence of the Moko...

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The Biology of Southern African Lyssavirus Variants

Cited by 35 publications

References 22 publications

Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in South Africa: evidence for two distinct virus groups

Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in South Africa: evidence for two distinct virus groups

Evidence of TwoLyssavirusPhylogroups with Distinct Pathogenicity and Immunogenicity

The complete Mokola virus genome sequence: structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

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