The biomedical challenge associated with the Artemis space program

Bizzarri, Mariano; Gaudenzi, Paolo; Angeloni, Antonio

doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.07.021

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…For example, a spacecraft with an operating life of 30 years will be exposed to about 170 000 cycles of high and low temperatures in a low-earth orbit. [1] Therefore, the stability requirements for the key components of the spacecraft are becoming higher and higher. 7050 aluminum alloy has the advantages of low density, high strength, corrosion resistance, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Cycling Process Between −196 and 120 °C on Microstructure and Properties of Additively Manufactured 7050 Al Alloy

Liu,

Shao,

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

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Wire arc additively manufactured (WAAM) aluminum alloys have been applied in the aerospace field. However, there was a lack of research on the stability of additive components under high‐ and low‐temperature cycling conditions in space. This study focuses on the evolution of microstructure, defects, and mechanical properties of WAAM 7050 aluminum alloy during high‐ and low‐temperature cycling from −196 to 120 °C. The number of cycles is 1, 2, 5, and 10, and one cycle time is 100 min. The results show that the number of η nanophases increase significantly after 5 cycles, and the η′ phases precipitate after 10 cycles. In defects, the porosity increases to 4 times of the as‐deposited state after 10 cycles, and the mean equivalent diameter of micropores is stabilized at 0.77 μm. In mechanical properties, the ultimate tensile strength decreases gradually with the increase of cycle times, and the hardness reaches the maximum of 143.2 HV after 5 cycles. The number of micropores increases after 10 cycles, and micropores have a weak effect on the failure mechanism. Cracks tend to sprout and expand along the eutectic phases and pores in the equiaxial grain zones, and equiaxial grain zones are the weak areas when they break.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Cycling Process Between −196 and 120 °C on Microstructure and Properties of Additively Manufactured 7050 Al Alloy

Liu,

Shao,

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

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“…Finally, it should also be considered that, with the exception of few studies (Senot et al, 2005;de la Malla and López-Moliner, 2015;La Scaleia et al, 2019)-which manipulated the law of motion of a ball projected toward the observer (i.e., visual looming stimuli)-studies validating the idea of the internal model of gravity have generally used visual motion projected tangentially to the observer. In this respect, acquiring deeper knowledge on how the brain combines gravity prior information with incoming sensory signals by using more immersive virtual reality settings, may also impact on the understanding of the adaptive processes to altered gravity environments and on the identification of potential countermeasures to the space motion sickness (Arshad and Ferré, 2023;Bizzarri et al, 2023;Khalid et al, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interception of vertically approaching objects: temporal recruitment of the internal model of gravity and contribution of optical information

Delle Monache,

Paolocci,

Scalici

et al. 2023

Front. Physiol.

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Introduction: Recent views posit that precise control of the interceptive timing can be achieved by combining on-line processing of visual information with predictions based on prior experience. Indeed, for interception of free-falling objects under gravity’s effects, experimental evidence shows that time-to-contact predictions can be derived from an internal gravity representation in the vestibular cortex. However, whether the internal gravity model is fully engaged at the target motion outset or reinforced by visual motion processing at later stages of motion is not yet clear. Moreover, there is no conclusive evidence about the relative contribution of internalized gravity and optical information in determining the time-to-contact estimates.Methods: We sought to gain insight on this issue by asking 32 participants to intercept free falling objects approaching directly from above in virtual reality. Object motion had durations comprised between 800 and 1100 ms and it could be either congruent with gravity (1 g accelerated motion) or not (constant velocity or -1 g decelerated motion). We analyzed accuracy and precision of the interceptive responses, and fitted them to Bayesian regression models, which included predictors related to the recruitment of a priori gravity information at different times during the target motion, as well as based on available optical information.Results: Consistent with the use of internalized gravity information, interception accuracy and precision were significantly higher with 1 g motion. Moreover, Bayesian regression indicated that interceptive responses were predicted very closely by assuming engagement of the gravity prior 450 ms after the motion onset, and that adding a predictor related to on-line processing of optical information improved only slightly the model predictive power.Discussion: Thus, engagement of a priori gravity information depended critically on the processing of the first 450 ms of visual motion information, exerting a predominant influence on the interceptive timing, compared to continuously available optical information. Finally, these results may support a parallel processing scheme for the control of interceptive timing.

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The effect of mastoid vibration on joint angles of lower extremities during walking: implication for sensorimotor training for future spaceflight

Xie,

Wang,

Wang

et al. 2024

Preprint

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A spaceflight in microgravity unloads the peripheral vestibular organs and disturbs the vestibular system of astronauts. This disruption of the vestibular system forces astronauts to use different strategies to walk, such as flexing more on their knee joints to increase force to propel their bodies forward on the Moon. It should be noted that this vestibular disruption observed in microgravity cannot easily be replicated on Earth. However, mastoid vibration (MV) has been shown to be an effective alternative method for disrupting vestibular function. The application of MV during walking has been demonstrated to alter gait characteristics regardless of the different terrains. Could these changes in gait characteristics induced by MV also affect joint angle patterns in a similar manner? Therefore, the purpose of this study was to fill this knowledge gap. This study involved fifteen young adults and ten older adults. Two motion capture cylinders were used to record the trajectory of 10 body land markers. Two electromechanical vibrotactile transducers were placed on bilateral mastoid processes to generate the MV at 100Hz. A reduced-light intensity goggle was used to reduce the visual capability during walking. A total of six 2-minute walking trials were randomly assigned to each participant (3 MV: bilateral/unilateral/no MV x 2 vision levels: full/reduced vision). Dependent variables included peak values, range of motion (ROM), and respective hip, knee, and ankle joint variabilities. A significant interaction between the effects of aging, vision level, and different types of MV was observed in the peak hip flexion angle (p = 0.001). Post hoc comparisons indicated that 1) applying bilateral MV significantly decreased peak hip flexion of healthy young but increased peak hip flexion of healthy young in reduced vision condition, and 2) applying bilateral MV induced a greater effect on decreasing hip flexion than applying unilateral MV in all participants regardless of whether vision was full or reduced. The findings of this study revealed the important role of hip joints in balance control during gait under vestibular and/or visual perturbation. Also, MV could be used to simulate a vestibular-disrupted environment for astronauts for future sensorimotor training.

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The biomedical challenge associated with the Artemis space program

Cited by 4 publications

References 121 publications

The Effect of Cycling Process Between −196 and 120 °C on Microstructure and Properties of Additively Manufactured 7050 Al Alloy

The Effect of Cycling Process Between −196 and 120 °C on Microstructure and Properties of Additively Manufactured 7050 Al Alloy

Interception of vertically approaching objects: temporal recruitment of the internal model of gravity and contribution of optical information

The effect of mastoid vibration on joint angles of lower extremities during walking: implication for sensorimotor training for future spaceflight

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