The bionomics of the African armyworm Spodoptera exempta in relation to its status as a migrant pest

Rose, D. J. W.; Dewhurst, C. F.; Page, W. W.

doi:10.1007/bf00140333

Cited by 32 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Migratory flight in the strong, easterly winds that usually occurred during the first half of the night in Kenya results in rapid, downwind displacement to the west. In line with this, S. exempta outbreaks are known to first spread progressively westwards, but then populations are taken north, eventually into Ethiopia and Yemen [61]. This latter movement is associated with the northward movement of the ITCZ, and a seasonal wind change from northeasterly or easterly to southeasterly or southerly.…”

Section: Migration Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Orientation in high-flying migrant insects in relation to flows: mechanisms and strategies

Reynolds

Sane

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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High-flying insect migrants have been shown to display sophisticated flight orientations that can, for example, maximize distance travelled by exploiting tailwinds, and reduce drift from seasonally optimal directions. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the theoretical and empirical evidence for the mechanisms underlying the selection and maintenance of the observed flight headings, and the detection of wind direction and speed, for insects flying hundreds of metres above the ground. Different mechanisms may be used—visual perception of the apparent ground movement or mechanosensory cues maintained by intrinsic features of the wind—depending on circumstances (e.g. day or night migrations). In addition to putative turbulence-induced velocity, acceleration and temperature cues, we present a new mathematical analysis which shows that ‘jerks’ (the time-derivative of accelerations) can provide indicators of wind direction at altitude. The adaptive benefits of the different orientation strategies are briefly discussed, and we place these new findings for insects within a wider context by comparisons with the latest research on other flying and swimming organisms.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight’.

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Section: Migration Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Orientation in high-flying migrant insects in relation to flows: mechanisms and strategies

Reynolds

Sane

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…Large numbers of larval armyworms plaguing various crops of economic importance are recurrently recorded in many countries of tropical Africa [1]. Severe outbreaks usually coincide with the onset of the wet season, especially when the new cropping season follows a long period of drought.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Report of Outbreaks of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a New Alien Invasive Pest in West and Central Africa

Goergen

Kumar

Sankung³

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

1,262

807

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The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda is a prime noctuid pest of maize on the American continents where it has remained confined despite occasional interceptions by European quarantine services in recent years. The pest has currently become a new invasive species in West and Central Africa where outbreaks were recorded for the first time in early 2016. The presence of at least two distinct haplotypes within samples collected on maize in Nigeria and São Tomé suggests multiple introductions into the African continent. Implications of this new threat to the maize crop in tropical Africa are briefly discussed.

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“…In Tanzania, armyworm outbreaks are usually severe and extensive during the rainy season follow droughts (Gunn and Gatehouse, 1985). According to Rose et al (1995) "outbreaks of armyworm occur sporadically and caterpillars are generally not noticed until they change color from green to black at their third stars".…”

Section: African Armywormmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Maize Production, Postharvest Losses and the Risk of Mycotoxins Contamination in Tanzania

Suleiman¹,

Rosentrater²

2015

2015 ASABE International Meeting

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Agriculture is the backbone of Tanzanian economy. It accounts for about one-third of the gross domestic product (GDP), provides 85 percent of all exports and saves as a livelihood to over 80 percent of the total population. Maize is the primary staple crop; it's grown in nearly all agro-ecological zones in the country. Tanzania is a major maize producer in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the last four decades, Tanzania has ranked among the top 25 maize producing countries in the world. In the 2013/14 growing seasons Tanzania produced over half billion metric tons of maize of these maize smallholder farmers produced around 85%. Despite the steady production of maize over the past three decades, post-harvest losses of maize remained significant, up to 30-40 % in some rural areas. Post-harvest handling, poor infrastructure, weather variability, biotic factors such as insects and pests, bacteria, pathogens, viruses, and fungi, often aggravate such losses. Mycotoxin producing fungi pose a major risk. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that frequently contaminate the maize in the field and/or during storage. Mycotoxin contamination of maize poses a health risk to humans and animals if not properly managed. The most important mycotoxins in Tanzania are the aflatoxins, fumonisins and Ochratoxin. The objective of this paper was to review current literature on the production trends, consumption, post-harvest losses, and mycotoxins contamination of maize and to provide strategies to control and prevent postharvest losses and mycotoxins contamination in Tanzania. Agriculture is the backbone of Tanzanian economy. It accounts for about one-third of the gross domestic product (GDP), provides 85 percent of all exports and saves as a livelihood to over 80 percent of the total population. Maize is the primary staple crop; it's grown in nearly all agro-ecological zones in the country. Tanzania is a major maize producer in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the last four decades, Tanzania has ranked among the top 25 maize producing countries in the world. In the 2013/14 growing seasons Tanzania produced over half billion metric tons of maize of these maize smallholder farmers produced around 85%. Despite the steady production of maize over the past three decades, post-harvest losses of maize remained significant, up to 30-40 % in some rural areas. Post-harvest handling, poor infrastructure, weather variability, biotic factors such as insects and pests, bacteria, pathogens, viruses, and fungi, often aggravate such losses. Mycotoxin producing fungi pose a major risk. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that frequently contaminate the maize in the field and/or during storage. Mycotoxin contamination of maize poses a health risk to humans and animals if not properly managed. The most important mycotoxins in Tanzania are the aflatoxins, fumonisins and Ochratoxin. The objective of this paper was to review current literature on the production trends, consumption, post-harvest losses, and mycotoxins contamination of mai...

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The bionomics of the African armyworm Spodoptera exempta in relation to its status as a migrant pest

Cited by 32 publications

References 56 publications

Orientation in high-flying migrant insects in relation to flows: mechanisms and strategies

Orientation in high-flying migrant insects in relation to flows: mechanisms and strategies

First Report of Outbreaks of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a New Alien Invasive Pest in West and Central Africa

Current Maize Production, Postharvest Losses and the Risk of Mycotoxins Contamination in Tanzania

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