The biotic ligand model: a historical overview

Paquin, Paul; Gorsuch, Joseph W.; Apte, Simon C.; Batley, Graeme E.; Bowles, Karl C.; Campbell, Peter G. C.; Delos, Charles; Toro, Dominic M. Di; Dwyer, Robert; Gálvez, Fernando; Gensemer, Robert W.; Goss, Greg G.; Högstrand, Christer; Janssen, Colin R.; McGeer, James C.; Naddy, Rami B.; Playle, Richard C.; Santore, Robert C.; Schneider, Uwe A.; Stubblefield, William A.; Wood, Chris M.; Wu, Kuen Benjamin

doi:10.1016/s1532-0456(02)00112-6

Cited by 468 publications

(507 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…The value of IC25 NiTiss needs to be constant regardless of solution chemistry to be a viable risk assessment tool (i.e., TRA) [7]. The BLM framework considers IC25 Ni2þ to be constant except when cation levels around the biological interface increase, in which case a linear increase in IC25 Ni2þ is expected due to competitive interaction, a relationship which can easily be modeled [2]. On the other hand, IC25 NiTot is considered not predictive of Ni toxicity since any complexed forms of Ni are generally not bioavailable [2].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and anions (SO, Cl⁻, NO) on Ni accumulation and toxicity in aquatic plant (Lemna minor L.): Implications For Ni risk assessment

Gopalapillai

Hale

Vigneault

2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-The effect of major cation activity (Ca 2þ , Mg 2þ , Na þ , K þ ) on Ni toxicity, with dose expressed as exposure (total dissolved Ni concentration Ni Tot ) or free Ni ion activity (in solution Ni 2þ ), or as tissue residue (Ni concentration in plant tissue Ni Tiss ) to the aquatic plant Lemna minor L. was examined. In addition, Ni accumulation kinetics was explored to provide mechanistic insight into current approaches of toxicity modeling, such as the tissue residue approach and the biotic ligand model (BLM), and the implications for plant Ni risk assessment. Major cations did not inhibit Ni accumulation via competitive inhibition as expected by the BLM framework. For example, Ca 2þ and Mg 2þ (sulfate as counter-anion) had an anticompetitive effect on Ni accumulation, suggesting that Ca or Mg forms a ternary complex with Ni-biotic ligand. The counter-anion of the added Ca (sulfate, chloride, or nitrate) affected plant response (percentage of root growth inhibition) to Ni. Generally, sulfate and chloride influenced plant response while nitrate did not, even when compared within the same range of Ca 2þ , which suggests that the anion dominated the observed plant response. Overall, although an effect of major cations on Ni toxicity to L. minor L. was observed at a physiological level, Ni 2þ or Ni Tot alone modeled plant response, generally within a span of twofold, over a wide range of water chemistry. Thus, consideration of major cation competition for improving Ni toxicity predictions in risk assessment for aquatic plants may not be necessary. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:810-821. # 2013 SETAC

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and anions (SO, Cl⁻, NO) on Ni accumulation and toxicity in aquatic plant (Lemna minor L.): Implications For Ni risk assessment

Gopalapillai

Hale

Vigneault

2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Test solutions were allowed to age for 3 and 27 h prior to the initiation of 72-h toxicity tests. Then MES and HEPES were added to dilution waters, prepared with a nominal hardness of 24.3 mg/L (as CaCO 3 ), to obtain a final buffer concentration of 5 mM to stabilize solutions to pH 6 and 8, respectively, prior to the addition of Al nitrate (Al(NO 3 ) 3 Á 9H 2 O). Organisms were exposed under static conditions according to standard Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development methodology [21].…”

Section: Aging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current Al ambient water quality criterion (AWQC) in the United States is applicable for a pH range of 6.5 to 9, which is considered protective of freshwater aquatic life [1]. Within the range of pH 6 to 8, however, Al exists primarily as insoluble forms of Al(OH) 3 , and at the time the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) AWQC was prepared (1987), the available toxicity data under these conditions were relatively limited. Furthermore, the potential effects of hardness or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) complexation on Al toxicity were not considered even though they exert significant effects on the toxicity of most metals [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within the range of pH 6 to 8, however, Al exists primarily as insoluble forms of Al(OH) 3 , and at the time the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) AWQC was prepared (1987), the available toxicity data under these conditions were relatively limited. Furthermore, the potential effects of hardness or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) complexation on Al toxicity were not considered even though they exert significant effects on the toxicity of most metals [2][3][4]. Although the effects of hardness cations and DOC on Al toxicity are well understood under acidic pH conditions [5,6], their effects have not yet been rigorously evaluated under more circumneutral conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating the effects of pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of aluminum to freshwater aquatic organisms under circumneutral conditions

Gensemer

Gondek

Rodriquez³

et al. 2017

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Although it is well known that increasing water hardness and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations mitigate the toxicity of aluminum (Al) to freshwater organisms in acidic water (i.e., pH < 6), these effects are less well characterized in natural waters at circumneutral pHs for which most aquatic life regulatory protection criteria apply (i.e., pH 6-8). The evaluation of Al toxicity under varying pH conditions may also be confounded by the presence of Al hydroxides and freshly precipitated Al in newly prepared test solutions. Aging and filtration of test solutions were found to greatly reduce toxicity, suggesting that toxicity from transient forms of Al could be minimized and that precipitated Al hydroxides contribute significantly to Al toxicity under circumneutral conditions, rather than dissolved or monomeric forms. Increasing pH, hardness, and DOC were found to have a protective effect against Al toxicity for fish (Pimephales promelas) and invertebrates (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna). For algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), the protective effects of increased hardness were only apparent at pH 6, less so at pH 7, and at pH 8, increased hardness appeared to increase the sensitivity of algae to Al. The results support the need for water quality-based aquatic life protection criteria for Al, rather than fixed value criteria, as being a more accurate predictor of Al toxicity in natural waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:49-60. C 2017 SETAC

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“…This type of work has been done for a number of soil 56 organisms including barley and tomato , wheat (Warne et al, 57 2008) and microbial processes (Oorts et al, 2006;Broos et al, 2007) for copper. The 58 mechanistic approach centres on the Biotic Ligand Model (Paquin et al, 2002) which 59 postulates that toxicity results from binding of specific metal species (usually the free 60 metal ion) to a receptor on the organism (the Biotic Ligand), in competition with other 61 solution cations such as H + , Na + and Ca 2+ . The concentration of metal bound to the 62 biotic ligand, rather than a measurable or calculable pool of metal in the soil or soil 63 solution, is assumed to correlate with the toxic response.…”

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confidence: 99%

Modelling the effects of copper on soil organisms and processes using the free ion approach: Towards a multi-species toxicity model

Lofts

Criel

Janssen

et al. 2013

Environmental Pollution

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The free ion approach has been previously used to calculate critical limit 22 concentrations for soil metals based on point estimates of toxicity. Here, the approach 23 was applied to dose-response data for copper effects on seven biological endpoints in 24 each of 19 European soils. The approach was applied using the concept of an effective 25 dose, comprising a function of the concentrations of free copper and 'protective' 26 major cations, including H + . A significant influence of H + on the toxicity of Cu 2+ was 27 found, while the effects of other cations were inconsistent. The model could be 28 generalised by forcing the effect of H + and the slope of the dose-response relationship 29 to be equal for all endpoints. This suggests the possibility of a general bioavailability 30 model for copper effects on organisms. Furthermore, the possibility of such a model 31 could be explored for other cationic metals such as nickel, zinc, cadmium and lead. 32 33

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The biotic ligand model: a historical overview

Cited by 468 publications

References 93 publications

Effect of major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and anions (SO, Cl⁻, NO) on Ni accumulation and toxicity in aquatic plant (Lemna minor L.): Implications For Ni risk assessment

Effect of major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and anions (SO, Cl⁻, NO) on Ni accumulation and toxicity in aquatic plant (Lemna minor L.): Implications For Ni risk assessment

Evaluating the effects of pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of aluminum to freshwater aquatic organisms under circumneutral conditions

Modelling the effects of copper on soil organisms and processes using the free ion approach: Towards a multi-species toxicity model

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The biotic ligand model: a historical overview

Cited by 468 publications

References 93 publications

Effect of major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) and anions (SO, Cl−, NO) on Ni accumulation and toxicity in aquatic plant (Lemna minor L.): Implications For Ni risk assessment

Effect of major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) and anions (SO, Cl−, NO) on Ni accumulation and toxicity in aquatic plant (Lemna minor L.): Implications For Ni risk assessment

Evaluating the effects of pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of aluminum to freshwater aquatic organisms under circumneutral conditions

Modelling the effects of copper on soil organisms and processes using the free ion approach: Towards a multi-species toxicity model

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Effect of major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and anions (SO, Cl⁻, NO) on Ni accumulation and toxicity in aquatic plant (Lemna minor L.): Implications For Ni risk assessment

Effect of major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and anions (SO, Cl⁻, NO) on Ni accumulation and toxicity in aquatic plant (Lemna minor L.): Implications For Ni risk assessment