The Black Death and the Future of the Plague

Ziegler, Michelle

doi:10.17302/tmg.1-1.10

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…2 Note that, to complicate matters, in the plague literature the term "pandemic" is also used to distinguish between a "First Pandemic", which would have started with Justinian's plague of 540-41 but would have included a series of outbreaks until around 750, when the infection disappeared from Europe and the broader Mediterranean area, and a "Second Pandemic" which started with the Black Death but also included a string of later outbreaks that ended only in the early nineteenth century (Kohn 2007;Little 2007;Alfani and Murphy 2017). Finally a "Third pandemic" originated in China, in the Yunnan area, towards the end of the nineteenth century and is still ongoing (Ziegler 2015;Alfani and Murphy 2017;Welford 2018). In this article, when referring to plagues the term "pandemic" will be used…”

Section: Epidemics Pandemics and The Black Death: Some Preliminary Cl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemics, Inequality, and Poverty in Preindustrial and Early Industrial Times

Alfani

2022

Journal of Economic Literature

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Recent research has explored the distributive consequences of major historical epidemics, and the current crisis triggered by COVID-19 prompts us to look at the past for insights about how pandemics can affect inequalities in income, wealth, and health. The fourteenth-century Black Death, which is usually believed to have led to a significant reduction in economic inequality, has attracted the greatest attention. However, the picture becomes much more complex if other epidemics are considered. This article covers the worst epidemics of preindustrial times, from the Plague of Justinian of 540–41 to the last great European plagues of the seventeenth century, as well as the cholera waves of the nineteenth. It shows how the distributive outcomes of lethal epidemics do not only depend upon mortality rates, but are mediated by a range of factors, chief among them the institutional framework in place at the onset of each crisis. It then explores how past epidemics affected poverty, arguing that highly lethal epidemics could reduce its prevalence through two deeply different mechanisms: redistribution toward the poor or extermination of the poor. It concludes by recalling the historical connection between the progressive weakening and spacing in time of lethal epidemics and improvements in life expectancy, and by discussing how epidemics affected inequality in health and living standards. (JEL D31, I12, I14, I30, N30, J11, J31)

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Section: Epidemics Pandemics and The Black Death: Some Preliminary Cl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemics, Inequality, and Poverty in Preindustrial and Early Industrial Times

Alfani

2022

Journal of Economic Literature

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“…Since ancient times, our planet has been suffering from the many pandemics and chronic diseases that afflict it, and which have claimed the lives of a large number of people and caused great crises that took a long time to overcome. When back to previous years, it is observed that the world witnessed a dangerous pandemic in the 14th century, which is the black plague (Black Death) that killed between 75 to 200 million people and is believed to have originated in or near China, then moved to Italy and then to the rest of Europe, and then to various nations [1] [2]. In 1521, smallpox appeared and killed more than 56 million people [3], while cholera killed more than a million people around the world between 1817 and 1923 [4] [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effectiveness of Utilising Modern Artificial Intelligence Techniques and Initiatives to Combat COVID-19 in South Korea: A Narrative Review

Mijwil

Al-Mistarehi

Aggarwal

2021

AJAS

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All nations are facing significant challenges and difficulties in the face of an intense pandemic that controls human life, and many things have changed in life, which led to the doubling of the global economy and the difficulty of life for many of the world's inhabitants. At present, the nations are seeking to control the spread of the epidemic in them, as every country uses plans to prevent this pandemic. This article presents South Korea's experience in employing modern artificial intelligence techniques in facing COVID-19. Besides, the use of artificial intelligence techniques and their great role in analysing images of people with COVID-19 disease are discussed, and how they are used to save many lives of the victims. The data obtained in this article is from a group of studies, social networking sites, and news on TV channels in the first period of 2020, which are collected and summarised in this article. This study summarises the role of South Korea in facing the pandemic through the application of artificial intelligence techniques to detect the disease, tracking the injured through GPS and how an intelligent quarantine is established, diagnosing and examining the damaged remotely, applying an electronic platform to publish information about how to avoid infection and the use of robots to assist diagnose disease and use drones for sterilisation purposes.

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Stress, sex, and plague: Patterns of developmental stress and survival in pre‐ and post‐Black Death London

DeWitte

2017

American J Hum Biol

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Objectives: Previous research revealed declines in survivorship in London before the Black Death (c. 1346Death (c. -1353, and improvements in survivorship following the epidemic. These trends indicate that there were declines in general levels of health before the Black Death and improvements thereof afterwards. This study expands on previous research by examining whether changes in survivorship were consistent between the sexes, and how patterns of developmental stress markers changed before and after the Black Death. Materials and Methods:This study uses samples from London cemeteries dated to one of three periods: Early Pre-Black Death (1000-1200 AD, n 5 255), Late PreBlack Death (1200-1250 AD, n 5 247), or Post-Black Death (1350-1540 AD n 5 329). Temporal trends in survivorship are assessed via Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and trends in tibial length (as a proxy for stature) and linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) are assessed using t-tests and Chi-square tests, respectively.Results: Survivorship for both sexes decreased before the Black Death and increased afterwards. For males, LEH frequencies increased and stature decreased before the epidemic, and LEH declined and stature increased after the Black Death. For females, the only significant change with respect to developmental stress markers was a decrease in stature after the Black Death.Conclusions: These results might reflect variation between the sexes in sensitivity to stressors, the effects of nutrition on pubertal timing, disproportionate access to dietary resources for males in the aftermath of the Black Death, the disproportionate deaths of frail individuals during the epidemic, or some combination of these factors. | I NT ROD UCTI ONRecent research has yielded important insights about the 14 th -century Black Death, one of the most devastating epidemics in history and the first outbreak of what is often referred to as the Second Pandemic of Plague. Molecular evidence from 14 th -century Black Death burials confirms the long-held (though previously strongly contested) assumption that the Black Death was caused by Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes bubonic plague in living populations (Bos et al., 2011;Haensch et al., 2010;Kacki, Rahalison, Rajerison, Ferroglio, & Bianucci, 2011;Raoult et al., 2000;Schuenemann et al., 2011). There is also molecular evidence that Y. pestis infected individuals in the Bronze age (Rasmussen et al., 2015), during the 6 th -century AD Plague of Justinian (Harbeck et al., 2013;Wagner et al., 2014;Wiechmann & Grupe, 2005), and in outbreaks of plague subsequent to the Black Death in the medieval and early modern periods (Bos et al., 2016;Tran et al., 2011). Plague continues to kill people every year. During a recent outbreak in Madagascar, for example, there were nearly 500 reported cases and over 80 deaths (Bertherat, 2015). Plague has thus affected humans, at times severely, for over 5000 years.Despite the interest that plague has generated among generations of scholars from a variety of disciplines, some o...

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The Black Death and the Future of the Plague

Cited by 9 publications

References 56 publications

Epidemics, Inequality, and Poverty in Preindustrial and Early Industrial Times

Epidemics, Inequality, and Poverty in Preindustrial and Early Industrial Times

The Effectiveness of Utilising Modern Artificial Intelligence Techniques and Initiatives to Combat COVID-19 in South Korea: A Narrative Review

Stress, sex, and plague: Patterns of developmental stress and survival in pre‐ and post‐Black Death London

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