The blood flow in the human arm during supine leg exercise

Bishop, J. M.; Donald, K. W.; Sh, Taylor; Pj, Wormald

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1957.sp005813

Cited by 41 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…This suggests that, during arm-crank exercise at 50% of the maximal capacity, blood flow in the femoral artery of the nonactive lower limbs only minimally increases from resting conditions. Historical studies established the tenet that blood flow to inactive vessel beds does not greatly increase during exercise such that, as a proportion of cardiac output, O 2 transport is redistributed to active regions (2,3,16). The modest changes in femoral artery flow (49%) and conductance (23%) we observed concur with this schema in that they suggest the increase in cardiac output during arm-crank exercise is preferentially distributed to the active upper extremity musculature.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Sympathetic vasomotor control does not explain the change in femoral artery shear rate pattern during arm-crank exercise

Thijssen

Green

Steendijk

et al. 2009

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Thijssen DH, Green DJ, Steendijk S, Hopman MT. Sympathetic vasomotor control does not explain the change in femoral artery shear rate pattern during arm-crank exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 296: H180 -H185, 2009. First published November 21, 2008 doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00686.2008.-During lower limb exercise, blood flow through the resting upper limbs exhibits a change characterized by increased anterograde flow during systole, but also large increases in retrograde diastolic flow. One explanation for the retrograde flow is that increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) tone and concomitant increased peripheral resistance generate a rebound during diastole. To examine whether the SNS contributes to retrograde flow patterns, we measured femoral artery blood flow during arm-crank exercise in 10 healthy men (31 Ϯ 4 yr) and 10 spinal cord-injured (SCI) subjects who lack sympathetic innervation in the legs (33 Ϯ 5 yr). Before, and every 5 min during 25-min arm-crank exercise at 50% maximal capacity, femoral artery blood flow and peak anterograde and retrograde shear rate were assessed using echo Doppler sonography. Femoral artery baseline blood flow was significantly lower in SCI compared with controls. Exercise increased femoral artery blood flow in both groups (ANOVA, P Ͻ 0.05), whereas leg vascular conductance did not change during exercise in either group. Mean shear rate was lower in SCI than in controls (P Ͻ 0.05). Peak anterograde shear rate was higher in SCI than in controls (P Ͻ 0.05), whereas peak retrograde shear rate did not differ between groups. Arm-crank exercise induced an increase in peak anterograde and retrograde shear rate in the femoral artery in controls and SCI subjects (P Ͻ 0.05). This suggests that the SNS is not obligatory to change the flow pattern in inactive regions during exercise. Local mechanisms may play a role in the arm-crank exercise-induced changes in flow pattern in the femoral artery. inactive areas; shear pattern AT THE ONSET OF EXERCISE, substantial cardiovascular adjustments are necessary to continue exercise for more than a few seconds (6). To optimally meet the increased metabolic demands of the contracting muscles, blood flow to inactive regions is relatively decreased, resulting in a net redistribution of blood toward vascular beds in metabolically active regions (1,6,21). Recent studies suggest that changes in the pattern of blood flow in inactive areas during exercise may have important effects on exercise training-mediated improvements in vascular function in these nonactive regions (11,12). Green et al. (11) recently observed that, during lower limb cycle exercise, brachial artery blood flow in the resting upper limbs exhibits an oscillatory pattern of anterograde flow during systole, followed by substantial retrograde diastolic flow. This reproducible change in blood flow pattern during cycling exercise results in a shear rate-mediated release of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) (10, 11). The synthesis of NO is of special interest, given the anti-ather...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Sympathetic vasomotor control does not explain the change in femoral artery shear rate pattern during arm-crank exercise

Thijssen

Green

Steendijk

et al. 2009

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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“…In any one individual the direction of change depends on which of these opposing influences predominates. The relationship between these two determinants of skin blood flow has not been fully appreciated in the past and serves to explain the variation in the response of the oxygen saturation of the brachial vein which has been observed late during exercise (6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, hand blood flow cannot be considered to be representative of skin blood flow in other areas, such as the forearm, in which both active and passive dilation of cutaneous blood vessels can take place (14)(15)(16)(17). Despite these limitations in previous studies, two facts seemed clearly evident: (1) vasoconstriction mediated by the sympathetic nervous system appears to occur in the nonexercising limbs (1-9), and (2) there is a need to dissipate the excess heat generated by the increased metabolic activity of the exercising muscles (3,4,6,7,18).…”

Section: Zelis Mason Braunwaldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Part of the problem stems from the difficulties inherent in measuring blood flow by plethysmographic techniques during exercise in subjects who are not highly trained (1)(2)(3)(4). Until recently, this question had been approached principally by measuring heat exchange (5-7) or changes in skin temperature in the hand (8,9), venous oxygen saturation of the superficial and deep forearm veins (6,7,10,11), and clearance of radioactive sodium from forearm muscle (6,7), methods which provide only qualitative information concerning changes in blood flow. Furthermore, blood flow to the hand is…”

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confidence: 99%

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Partition of Blood Flow to the Cutaneous and Muscular Beds of the Forearm at Rest and during Leg Exercise in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Heart Failure

Zelis

Mason

Braunwald

1969

Circulation Research

144

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The purpose of this study was to determine the relative effects of various levels of exercise on blood flow to skin and muscle of the resting extremity of normal subjects and the manner in which this distribution is modified by congestive heart failure. Blood flow to the skin and muscle of the forearm was determined plethysmographically with the aid of epinephrine iontophoresis at rest and during supine leg exercise in 12 normal subjects and in 9 patients with failure. In normal resting subjects, forearm blood flow averaged 6.30 ml/min/100 ml, 52% partitioned to muscle and 48% to skin. In the patients, forearm blood flow averaged 2.94 ml/min/100 ml, with 48% to muscle and 52% to skin. In normal subjects performing mild exercise, forearm muscle flow was not significantly changed, but during moderate and strenuous activity it was significantly reduced. Cutaneous blood flow, however, declined early at all levels of exertion. In the normal subjects, cutaneous hyperemia occurred late during moderate exercise but with strenuous exercise, was delayed until after exercise had been discontinued. In contrast, in the patients, forearm muscle blood flow decreased strikingly during leg exercise, cutaneous flow fell and remained depressed during the entire period of exercise, and no postexercise hyperemia occurred. Thus, in congestive heart failure, both the cutaneous and muscle beds of the forearm are abnormally constricted at rest, there is excessive vasoconstriction in both beds during leg exercise, and postexercise cutaneous vasodilation is abolished. ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS heat dissipation sympathetic tone epinephrine iontophoresis vasoconstriction• It is now clear that during muscular exercise substantial circulatory changes occur in nonexercising parts of the body. There is considerable disagreement, however, concerning the relative distribution of blood flow to

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“…These features of the efferent limb of the isometric exercise reflex have been well characterized in the human subject; the redistribution of blood flow which occurs during and after exercise involving an alteration of blood flow to non-active parts of the limbs has been studied by several investigators (BISHOP et al, 1957;BLAIR et al, 1961;LIND et al, 1964;BEVEGARD and SHEPHERD, 1966;ZEUS et al, 1969;DELIUS et al, 1972;MARK et al, 1973;EKLUND et al, 1974). They compared the blood flow of the contralateral limbs such as right and left forearm, or upper limb and lower limb.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thigh and calf blood flows after isometric contraction in untrained and trained subjects.

et al. 1983

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The present study was undertaken to examine whether or not there were any differences between untrained and trained subjects in the changes of blood flow in the ipsilateral and contralateral lower limbs after isometric exercise. Blood flow of the thigh and calf in both right and left legs were measured simultaneously before and after isometric contraction with mercury-in-silastic strain gauge venous occlusion plethysmography. In the present study, the main pattern of blood flow responses in the active and non-active limbs was strikingly similar in all subjects : a significant fall in blood flow immediately after isometric contraction at a force of about 50 % of maximal muscle strength for 15 sec was observed in the non-active lower limbs. Peak blood flow of the exercised thigh in the trained group was significantly higher than that in the untrained ones. From these results, it was suggested that higher blood flow after isometric exercise in the trained subjects may be due to the improvement of degree of vasodilation in the lower limb as a result of physical training.

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The blood flow in the human arm during supine leg exercise

Cited by 41 publications

References 10 publications

Sympathetic vasomotor control does not explain the change in femoral artery shear rate pattern during arm-crank exercise

Sympathetic vasomotor control does not explain the change in femoral artery shear rate pattern during arm-crank exercise

Partition of Blood Flow to the Cutaneous and Muscular Beds of the Forearm at Rest and during Leg Exercise in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Heart Failure

Thigh and calf blood flows after isometric contraction in untrained and trained subjects.

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