is widely regarded as a forerunner of Lockean liberalism, and so of the political thought of the English Enlightenment. 1 Indeed, already in 1698, Milton's biographer John Toland had constructed a unified tradition of English liberalism running from Milton through Locke, and had exclaimed that ''nothing can be imagin'd more reasonable, honest, or pious'' than Milton's advocacy of religious toleration. 2 This picture of Milton as an ''apostle of toleration'' 3 has continued to shape interpretations of his place in intellectual history. Milton is viewed alternatively as an advocate of human rights, 4 as a proto-Habermasian thinker who conceptualizes the private sphere in distinction from a secular public sphere, 5 and as a writer who ''anticipates with a resounding magniloquence the principles of western liberalism articulated by John Locke and 1 I am grateful to Ian Hunter for discussions of this material, and to the two anonymous JHI readers for their valuable criticisms and suggestions. I am also indebted to the participants in the Contested Histories seminar at the University of Queensland's Centre for the History of European Discourses, where an earlier version of this paper was presented.