The BnALMT1 Protein that is an Aluminum-Activated Malate Transporter is Localized in the Plasma Membrane

The ALMT Family of Organic Acid Transporters in Plants and Their Involvement in Detoxification and Nutrient Security

“…Soon after its discovery in wheat, Al tolerance-related studies led to the identification of AtALMT1 , the first out of 14 Arabidopsis ALMT members to be functionally characterized, as well as the homologs BnALMT1 and BnALMT2 from rape, GmALMT1 in soybean, and ScALMT1 in rye. They all shared similar functional characteristics consistent with their involvement in mediating the organic acid exudation in Al-tolerance response in these plant species ( Hoekenga et al, 2006 ; Ligaba et al, 2006 , 2007 ). Likewise, MsALMT1 from Medicago sativa and HlALMT1 from the grass Holcus lanatus have been described as crucial genes involved in Al resistance ( Figure 1 ) ( Chen Q. et al, 2013 ; Chen Z.C.…”

An InDel in the Promoter of Al-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER9 Selected during Tomato Domestication Determines Fruit Malate Contents and Aluminum Tolerance

“…In Ta-ALMT1, the Ser-384 residue regulates protein activity depending on its level of phosphorylation, which allows malate transport to be regulated in response to varying Al 3+ concentration (Ligaba et al, 2009). Both plasma membrane (Bn-ALMT1 and Ta-ALMT1; Yamaguchi et al, 2005;Ligaba et al, 2007) and vacuolar membrane (At-ALMT9; Kovermann et al, 2007) ALMTs contain transmembrane N-terminal and hydrophobic C-terminal domains and contribute to the Al stress response (Motoda et al, 2007). The ALMT N terminus contains several transmembrane motifs and is predicted to function in anion transport (Ligaba et al, 2013), whereas the C terminus contains a long hydrophobic region located externally of the membrane that is specifically required for the activation of anion transport by Al (Furuichi et al, 2010).…”

A Berberine Bridge Enzyme-Like Protein, GmBBE-like43, Confers Soybean's Coordinated Adaptation to Aluminum Toxicity and Phosphorus Deficiency

“…Since rhizotoxic Al and P deficiency coexist in acid soils, it is clear that plant roots have to deal with these two stresses simultaneously during their growth in acidic soils (Liao et al, 2006 ; Liang et al, 2013 ). Although studies of the molecular mechanisms have been conducted focusing primarily on Al tolerance or occasionally on P efficiency, few studies have simultaneously considered P availability and Al toxicity together (Zheng et al, 2005 ; Liao et al, 2006 ; Ligaba et al, 2007 ; Liang et al, 2013 ). Cell walls in plant roots are directly connected to the rhizosphere environment.…”

“…One is based on the immobilization of Al by Pi in the root cell wall, which has been reported in buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ), barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), and maize ( Zea mays ) (McCormick and Borden, 1972 ; Gaume et al, 2001 ; Zheng et al, 2005 ). The other relied on the activation of organic anion's exudation induced by P application, which was observed in rapa ( Brassica campestris ) and soybean ( Glycine max ) (Liao et al, 2006 ; Ligaba et al, 2007 ; Liang et al, 2013 ). On the other hand, identification and functional characterization of the sensitivity to proton rhizotoxicity 1 (STOP1) zinc-finger transcription factor family have largely expanded the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of plant adaptation to Pi starvation and Al toxicity (Sawaki et al, 2009 ; Kobayashi et al, 2014 ; Gutiérrez-Alanís et al, 2018 ; Wu et al, 2018a ; Wang et al, 2019 ).…”