The body proportions for small-for-dates infants

Brooke, O G; Wood, Carole; F, Butters

doi:10.1016/0378-3782(84)90114-2

Cited by 31 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…As serum leptin concentrations are related to total body fat [25, 26, 27, 28], the lower levels of leptin found in SGA children may reflect their reduced amount of metabolically active body fat. Short children born SGA after intrauterine growth retardation tend to be thinner than children born AGA [29, 30]. Studies using dual-photon absorptiometry [31], magnetic resonance imaging [30]and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [32]have confirmed that there is a reduced fat mass in short children born SGA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Children Born Small-for-Gestational Age: Postnatal Growth and Hormonal Status

Boguszewski²,

1998

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It is generally recognized that children born small-for-gestational age (SGA) have a 5–7 times higher risk of short stature than children born at normal size. It has been suggested that the programming of the endocrine axes occurs during critical phases of fetal development and is affected by intrauterine growth retardation. This study was undertaken to characterize the postnatal growth pattern and the final height of children born SGA, as part of a population- based study (n = 3,650), from birth to final height, and to evaluate the hormonal status in another group of prepubertal children born SGA (n = 134) without postnatal catch-up growth. The majority (88%) of ‘healthy’ full-term singleton SGA infants achieved catch-up growth during the first 2 years of life, and most of the increase in height occurred by 2 months of age. The SGA children who remained short at 2 years of age had a higher risk of short stature later in life. The risk of having a short final height (<–2 SDS) was five times higher for children with a low birth weight and seven times higher for those with a low birth length in comparison with children with a normal birth size. Moreover, about 20% of all children of short stature were born SGA. As a group, children born SGA will have a final height, expressed in SDS, as they had during the prepubertal years. This is in contrast to children, who became short postnatally. During puberty, these short children will have a mean height gain of 0.6 SDS for girls and 0.7 SDS for boys. The mean estimated secretion rate for growth hormone (GH) was lower in the short children born SGA compared with the reference groups born at an appropriate size for gestational age, of either short (p < 0.05) or normal stature (p < 0.001). Moreover, in the youngest children born SGA (2–6 years of age) a different pattern of GH secretion was found, with a high basal GH level, low peak amplitude, and high peak frequency. The majority of the children born SGA had levels of GH-binding protein within the range previously reported for normal children. However, the levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and leptin were significantly reduced compared with the reference values (p < 0.001, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, the low spontaneous GH secretion rate and a disturbed GH secretion pattern, together with low serum levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and leptin, might contribute to the reduced postnatal growth in some of the subgroup of children born SGA who remained short during childhood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Children Born Small-for-Gestational Age: Postnatal Growth and Hormonal Status

Boguszewski²,

1998

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“…However, there was no significant correlation between leptin and WH SDS SDS and BMI in the SGA children, in contrast with our finding in the reference children. It has been shown that short children born after intrauterine growth retardation tend to be thinner than children born AGA (4,28). More recent studies using dual-photon absorptiometry (5), magnetic resonance imaging (28) and DXA (6) have confirmed that there is a reduced fat mass in this group of children.…”

mentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Although most infants born SGA show catch-up growth in early life, a subgroup will continue to grow slowly, resulting in a short adult height (1)(2)(3). They also tend to be thinner and have a reduced amount of body fat compared with children born at an appropriate size for gestational age (AGA) (4,5). Recently, Lapillonne et al (6) has shown that total body fat, evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), is decreased in SGA infants in comparison with total body fat in AGA infants having the same gestational age, confirming anthropometric data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum leptin in short children born small for gestational age: relationship with the growth response to growth hormone treatment. The Swedish Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment

Boguszewski

Dahlgren²,

Bjarnason³

et al. 1997

European Journal of Endocrinology

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The product of the obese (ob) gene, leptin, is an adipocyte-derived hormone that is involved in the regulation of appetite and body weight. This study was undertaken in order to describe the basal serum levels of leptin in prepubertal short children born small for gestational age (SGA) and their relationship with growth parameters, before and during growth hormone (GH) treatment. Eighty-nine prepubertal short children (66 boys, 23 girls; height standard deviation score (SDS), ¹5.4 to ¹2.0; age, 2.0 to 12.8 years) born SGA, 12 of whom (9 boys, 3 girls) had signs of Silver-Russell syndrome, were included in the study. Serum leptin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Leptin levels in the children born SGA were compared with those in a reference group of 109 prepubertal healthy children born at an appropriate size for gestational age (AGA). The mean (S.D.) change in height SDS was 0.11 (0.22) during the year before the start of GH therapy (0.1 IU/kg/day) and increased to 0.82 (0.44) during the first year (P<0.001) and to 1.28 (0.59) during the 2-year period of GH therapy (P<0.001). The children born SGA were significantly leaner than the reference group. An inverse correlation was found between leptin and chronological age in the SGA group (r =¹0.31, P<0.01). The mean serum level of leptin in the children born SGA who were older than 5.5 years of age was 2.8 mg/l which was significantly lower than the mean value of 3.7 mg/l found in the children born AGA of the same age range. The difference remained after adjustment of leptin levels for sex, age, body mass index (BMI) and weight-for-height SDS (WH SDS SDS). Leptin correlated with WH SDS SDS (r =0.32, P<0.001) and BMI (r=0.36, P<0.01) in the reference population, but not in the SGA group. No correlation was found between leptin and spontaneous 24-h GH secretion, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I or IGF-binding protein-3 levels, or with fasting insulin or cortisol levels. Leptin levels at the start of GH treatment were correlated with the growth response over both 1 year (r=0.46, P<0.001) and 2 years (r=0.51, P<0.001) of GH therapy. Using multiple regression analysis, models including leptin levels at the start of GH therapy could explain 51% of the variance in the growth response after 1 year and 44% after 2 years of GH treatment.In conclusion, serum leptin levels are reduced in short children born SGA and are inversely correlated with chronological age. Leptin concentrations correlate with the growth response to GH treatment and might be used as a marker for predicting the growth response to GH treatment.

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“…Short children born SGA tend to be leaner than children born AGA [7], with reduced amounts of fat [8, 16]. In addition, the serum concentration of leptin is reduced in this group of children [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to short stature, children born SGA tend to be leaner and have a reduced amount of body fat compared with children born at an appropriate size for gestational age (AGA) [7, 8]. The serum concentration of leptin, the 16-kD protein produced by adipose tissue [9], is reduced in infants [10, 11]and in short children born SGA [12], suggesting that leptin levels may reflect their nutritional state [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Leptin in Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age: Dose-Dependent Effect of Growth Hormone Treatment

2000

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Objective: To study the effects of different regimens of growth hormone (GH) treatment on serum leptin levels in 78 short prepubertal children born small for gestational age (SGA). Methods: The children were originally included in two independent multicenter trials, one in Belgium and one in the Nordic countries. SGA children were randomized either to remain untreated or to be treated with GH at a daily dose of 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 IU/kg for 2 years. Thereafter, treatment was continued for another 2 years in the Nordic children, whereas it was discontinued in the Belgian children. Results: In the GH treatment groups, a significant dose-dependent decrease in leptin levels was found during the first year of therapy, with a mean decrease of 13, 23 and 32% in the groups receiving GH at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 IU/kg, respectively. When high-dose treatment was interrupted, serum leptin increased within 1 year to pretreatment levels. Conclusion: Serum leptin levels in short children born SGA are transiently reduced by GH treatment in a dose-dependent fashion. The most pronounced changes in serum leptin were documented within the first year after initiation and withdrawal of high-dose GH treatment.

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The body proportions for small-for-dates infants

Cited by 31 publications

References 10 publications

Children Born Small-for-Gestational Age: Postnatal Growth and Hormonal Status

Children Born Small-for-Gestational Age: Postnatal Growth and Hormonal Status

Serum leptin in short children born small for gestational age: relationship with the growth response to growth hormone treatment. The Swedish Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment

Serum Leptin in Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age: Dose-Dependent Effect of Growth Hormone Treatment

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