The Body Status of Manganese and Activity of This Element-Dependent Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase in a Rat Model of Human Exposure to Cadmium and Co-Administration of Aronia melanocarpa L. Extract

Abstract

The impact of a polyphenol-rich 0.1% aqueous extract from Aronia melanocarpa L. berries (AE) on the body status of manganese (Mn) and the activity of this essential element-dependent mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) during treatment with cadmium (Cd) was investigated in a rat model of low-level and moderate environmental human exposure to this xenobiotic (1 and 5 mg Cd/kg diet, respectively, for 3–24 months). The exposure to Cd, dose- and duration-dependently, affected the body status of Mn (apparent absorption, body retention, serum and tissue concentrations, content in some organs and total Mn body burden, and urinary and faecal excretion) and the activity of MnSOD in the mitochondria of the liver, kidney, and brain. The administration of AE during the exposure to Cd prevented or at least partially protected the animals from the perturbation of the metabolism of Mn, as well as ameliorated changes in the activity of MnSOD and the concentration of Mn and protected from Cd accumulation in the mitochondria. In conclusion, AE may protect from disorders in the body status of Mn and influence the antioxidative capacity of cells under chronic exposure to Cd. The findings confirm the protective impact of aronia berries products against Cd toxicity.

The Protective Impact of Aronia melanocarpa L. Berries Extract against Prooxidative Cadmium Action in the Brain—A Study in an In Vivo Model of Current Environmental Human Exposure to This Harmful Element

“…The last group, which received the standard Labofeed diet containing 0.0584 ± 0.0049 mg Cd/kg and redistilled water (the content of cadmium was less than 0.05 μg Cd/L), served as a control group. More details on this experimental female rat model have been provided in previous publications [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ].…”

“…Elliott, Rosaceae) [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ], which are rich in polyphenols known for their pro-health properties, including a strong antioxidative potential and the ability to form stable complexes with ions of toxic elements [ 7 , 43 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. The research performed on, developed by our research group, an animal model of low- and moderate-level human exposure to cadmium during a lifespan (1 and 5 mg Cd/kg diet, respectively, for 3–24 months) revealed that supplementation with a 0.1% aqueous extract from the berries of A. melanocarpa (AE) prevented numerous effects of the unfavourable impact of this toxic heavy metal, or at least attenuated their development [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Supplementation with this extract protected against the damaging impact of cadmium, including its action via oxidative stress, on the liver, kidney, bone tissue, and salivary glands [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 50 ].…”

“…The research performed on, developed by our research group, an animal model of low- and moderate-level human exposure to cadmium during a lifespan (1 and 5 mg Cd/kg diet, respectively, for 3–24 months) revealed that supplementation with a 0.1% aqueous extract from the berries of A. melanocarpa (AE) prevented numerous effects of the unfavourable impact of this toxic heavy metal, or at least attenuated their development [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Supplementation with this extract protected against the damaging impact of cadmium, including its action via oxidative stress, on the liver, kidney, bone tissue, and salivary glands [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 50 ]. The administration of AE also diminished cadmium accumulation in various organs, including the brain ( Table S1 ) [ 39 , 40 ], as well as counteracted disturbances in the body status of some bioelements, including manganese [ 40 ].…”

“…Supplementation with this extract protected against the damaging impact of cadmium, including its action via oxidative stress, on the liver, kidney, bone tissue, and salivary glands [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 50 ]. The administration of AE also diminished cadmium accumulation in various organs, including the brain ( Table S1 ) [ 39 , 40 ], as well as counteracted disturbances in the body status of some bioelements, including manganese [ 40 ].…”

“…Taking into account the finding that treatment with cadmium at concentrations of 1 and 5 mg Cd/kg diet resulted in oxidative stress in different organs [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 50 ], and in particular, the sensitivity of the brain to destroying its oxidative–reductive balance [ 5 , 10 , 38 ], it was justified to hypothesize that low-to-moderate long-term exposure to this toxic element will lead to the development of oxidative stress in the nervous tissue. Moreover, owing to the antioxidative potential of aronia berries [ 46 , 47 ] and the above-mentioned results regarding the amelioration of cadmium toxicity by supplementation with AE [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 50 ], including especially the lower retention of this xenobiotic in the brain ( Table S1 ) [ 39 , 40 ] and the protection from the xenobiotic-caused changes of the status of manganese and the bioelement-dependent mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in this organ [ 38 ], it has been hypothesized that the administration of AE can protect against oxidative stress and oxidative modifications of macromolecules caused by cadmium in the nervous tissue and in this way counteract its neurotoxicity. To verify the above-described hypotheses, numerous parameters of the oxidative–antioxidative status, the degree of oxidative stress, and damage to proteins, lipids, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in nervous tissue of brain origin were estimated.…”