The bond between intelligences: Cultural, emotional, and social

Abstract

Increasing interest in multiple forms of nonacademic intelligences in addition to the wellestablished intelligent quotient (IQ) to explain individual success has triggered a need for clear establishment of the theoretical and empirical connection among these constructs. As such, this article explores the interrelationship that exists among three forms of nonacademic intelligences: cultural, emotional, and social. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

Does your intelligence help to survive in a foreign jungle? The effects of cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence on cross-cultural adjustment

“…To date, empirical studies have rarely investigated the relationship between EI and CQ (Kumar et al, 2008;Moon, 2010;Ward et al, 2009). Theoretically, an individual's EI level could possibly be related to their mental intelligence (e.g.…”

“…Multiple forms of intelligence, such as CQ and EI, have been recognized as important and needed for intercultural effectiveness (Alon & Higgins, 2005;Gabel et al, 2005;Kumar et al, 2008), but such relationships of the domain-specific intelligence, such as CQ and EI, have yet to be empirically proven (Kumar et al, 2008;Moon, 2010;Ward, Fischer, Lam, & Hall, 2009), and EI has not been adequately discussed in a cross-cultural context (Earley & Peterson, 2004;Lee & Sukoco, 2007). Recently, some authors have proposed that people with a high CQ in their original culture will not necessarily be successful in adapting to different cultural settings, but may have a better chance of adapting successfully to unfamiliar cultural settings (Moon, 2010); other authors have found that CQ is somewhat related to EI because individuals with a high CQ seem to be emotionally welladjusted (Earley, Ang, & Tan, 2006).…”

“…For example, foreign people in an unfamiliar environment often face difficulties with regard to language and communication, religion, politics, interaction with the host nationals, adjusting to a new culture, and so forth. Consequently, many intercultural misunderstandings and conflicts occur, due in part to a lack of cultural and emotional awareness of differences in behavioral expectations (Ang, Van Dyne, & Koh, 2006;Black & Gregersen, 1991;Brislin, Worthley, & MacNab, 2006;Kumar, Rose, & Subramaniam, 2008;Triandis, 2006).…”

“…When there is difficulty managing such emotions, the adjustment to local culture suffers. The abilities to understand and manage the emotional reactions of yourself and those of others and to effectively adapt in culturally diverse settings, have been increasingly recognized as critical elements that influence adjustment (Engelberg & Sjöberg, 2004;Kumar et al, 2008;Yoo, Matsumoto, & LeRoux, 2006).…”

Cultural Intelligence: Extending the Nomological Network

“…Research in the field supports EI as a predictor of cross-cultural success in work and nonwork environments (Engelberg & Sjöberg, 2004;Kumar, Rose, & Subramaniam, 2008;Yoo, Matsumoto, & LeRoux, 2006). However, EI, conceptualized and measured, does not show variations among emotions and expression across cultures.…”