The Bondons: The Quantum Particles of the Chemical Bond

Abstract

By employing the combined Bohmian quantum formalism with the U(1) and SU(2) gauge transformations of the non-relativistic wave-function and the relativistic spinor, within the Schrödinger and Dirac quantum pictures of electron motions, the existence of the chemical field is revealed along the associate bondon particle B̶ characterized by its mass (mB̶), velocity (vB̶), charge (eB̶), and life-time (tB̶). This is quantized either in ground or excited states of the chemical bond in terms of reduced Planck constant ħ, the bond energy Ebond and length Xbond, respectively. The mass-velocity-charge-time quaternion properties of bondons’ particles were used in discussing various paradigmatic types of chemical bond towards assessing their covalent, multiple bonding, metallic and ionic features. The bondonic picture was completed by discussing the relativistic charge and life-time (the actual zitterbewegung) problem, i.e., showing that the bondon equals the benchmark electronic charge through moving with almost light velocity. It carries negligible, although non-zero, mass in special bonding conditions and towards observable femtosecond life-time as the bonding length increases in the nanosystems and bonding energy decreases according with the bonding length-energy relationship Ebondfalse[italickcal/italicmolfalse]×Xbondfalse[A0false]=182019, providing this way the predictive framework in which the B̶ particle may be observed. Finally, its role in establishing the virtual states in Raman scattering was also established.

Bondonic Chemistry: Predicting Ionic Liquids’ (IL) Bondons by Raman-IR Spectra

“…where the bondonic mass (Putz 2010a(Putz , b, 2012a(Putz , b, 2015a It is worth noting that, as previously was the case with the dichotomy between bonding and bondonic times respectively, (Putz et al,see Chap. 12), the bonding velocity of Eq.…”

“…. (13.12) Remarkably, the bondonic quantification (13.12) of the virtual states of Raman scattering varies from negative to positive energies as one moves from the ground state to more and more excited states of initial bonding state approached by the incident IR towards virtual ones, as may be easily verified by considering particular bonding data, see (Putz 2010a(Putz , b, 2012a. In this way, more space is given for future considerations upon the inverse or stimulated Raman processes, proving therefore the direct involvement of the bondonic reality in combined scattering of light on chemical structures.…”

“…Additionally, the IL-bondon is further characterized for the already custom information as the bondon-to-electron mass, bondon-to-light velocity, bondon-to-electron charge, and the bondonic life time vs. bonding spectral fluctuation time, given respectively as (Putz 2010a(Putz , 2012a(Putz , b, 2015aPutz et al 2015b, Chap. 12 These bondonic analysis is performed on a representative set of ionic liquids with results displayed in Table 13.1.…”

“…The first term accounts for absorption (A)-emission (E) at once, the second term sums over the virtual states connecting the absorption followed by emission, while the third terms sums over virtual states connecting the absorption following the emission events. (Putz 2010a(Putz , 2012a molecules, crystals, etc.) by modeling the inelastic interaction between an incident IR photon and a quantum system (here the bondons of chemical bonds in molecules), leaving a scattered wave with different frequency and the resulting system in its final state (Freeman 1974;Thomas 1991;Sutton 2009).…”

“…by modeling the inelastic interaction between an incident IR photon and a quantum system (here the bondons of chemical bonds in molecules), leaving a scattered wave with different frequency and the resulting system in its final state (Freeman 1974;Thomas 1991;Sutton 2009). Quantitatively, one firstly considers the interaction Hamiltonian as being composed by two parts (Putz 2010a)…”