The Boston Marathon versus the World Marathon Majors

Maffetone, Philip; Malcata, Rita M.; Rivera, Ivan Romero; Laursen, Paul B.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184024

Cited by 28 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The Boston marathon is notable in that we found larger variability in the overall winning times than was the case for the other races. This is in line with a larger analysis performed by Maffetone et al (2017) who found that the Boston Marathon is characterized by large variability in performances due to external factors such as weather and specifically, the wind direction.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Pacing and Performance in the 6 World Marathon Majors

Díaz

Renfree

Ozcorta

et al. 2019

Front. Sports Act. Living

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The main goal of this study was to analyse the pacing strategies displayed by the winners of the six World Marathon Majors in order to determine which race offers the greatest potential for future world record attempts. For data analysis, the total distance of the marathon was divided into eight sections of 5 km and a final section of 2.195 km, and time needed to complete each section was calculated in seconds. When we analyzed the mean winning time in the last 13 editions of each of the World Marathon Majors, we observed differences between New York and London (ES = 1.46, moderate effect, p = 0.0030), New York and Berlin (ES = 0.95, small effect, p = 0.0001), London and Boston (ES = 0.08, small effect, p = 0.0001), Boston and Berlin (ES = 0.10, small effect, p = 0.0001), Boston and Chicago (ES = 0.16, small effect, p = 0.0361), Berlin and Tokyo (ES = 0.20, small effect, p = 0.0034), Berlin and Chicago (ES = 0.27, small effect, p = 0.0162). This study shows that Berlin and London are likely candidates for future world record attempts, whilst such a performance is unlikely in New York or Boston.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Pacing and Performance in the 6 World Marathon Majors

Díaz

Renfree

Ozcorta

et al. 2019

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…However, other studies have shown female participants to be in uenced more than male with this being attributed to females having a higher core temperature that is a disadvantage when exercising in warmer conditions [92]. Finally, several events showed no impact of temperature on performance, as shown by Maffetone et al [44] and Havenith et al [93], and this is supported by others who have shown temperature to have little to no effect on female performance whilst male athletes have an optimal range [42,43]. Overall, this research suggests that both genders are, in general, impacted by meteorology, as would be expected based upon previous research [25,32,34,35].…”

Section: Temperaturementioning

confidence: 90%

“…Each of the parkrun events was also examined separately to determine whether certain locations were more in uenced by the measured variables. Linear regression analyses, the common technique used in aforementioned marathon studies [44], was used to compute the R 2 value,…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of meteorology and air quality on parkrun athletic performance

Hodgson

Elliott²,

Chapman

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Despite increased awareness of climate change and urban air pollution, little research has been performed to examine the influence of meteorology and air quality on athletic performance of the general public and recreational exercisers. Anecdotal evidence of increased temperatures and wind speeds as well as higher relative humidity conditions resulting in reduced athletic performance has been presented in the past, whilst urban air pollution can have negative short- and long-term impacts on health. Furthermore, pollutants such as Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide and Particulate Matter can cause respiratory and cardiovascular distress, which can be heightened during physical activity. Previous research has examined these impacts on marathon runners, or have been performed in laboratory settings. Instead, this paper focuses on the potential impacts on the general public. With the rise of parkrun events (timed 5 km runs) across the UK and worldwide concerns regarding public health in relation to both air quality and activity levels, the potential influence of air quality and meteorology on what is viewed as a ‘healthy’ activity has been investigated. A weekly dataset of parkrun participants at fifteen events, located in London UK, from 2011–2016 alongside local meteorological and air quality data has been analysed. Results The biggest influencer on athletic performance is meteorology, particularly temperature and wind speed. Regression results between parkrun finishing times and temperature predominantly show positive relationships, supporting previous laboratory tests. Increased relative humidity also causes slower finishing times but in several cases is not statistically significant. Higher wind speeds also result in slower times and in contrast to temperature and relative humidity, male participants are more influenced than female by this variable. Although air quality does influence athletic performance to an extent, the heterogeneity of pollutants within London and between parkrun events and monitoring sites makes this difficult to prove decisively. Conclusions It has been determined that temperature and relative humidity can have the largest detrimental impact on parkrun performance, with Ozone also having an impact. The influence of other variables cannot be discounted however and it is recommended that modelling is performed to further determine the extent to which ‘at event’ meteorology and air quality has on performance. In the future, there results can be used to determine safe operating and exercise conditions for parkrun and other public athletics events.

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“…The marathon has recently become one of the most popular events for long-distance runners, both in the World and Turkey. Although running pace has an important role in optimizing the individual performances of runners, research results regarding the race running pace profiles related to the marathon races at the national level have not been found (19,21,31). It is clear that Istanbul Marathon, which is one of the most important and longest-running sports organizations in Turkey, has an important value for this kind of research.…”

Section: Issn: 2147-5652mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Analysis of The Pacing Profiles Based on The Performance Level of The Finishers in The Istanbul Marathon

Kaçoğlu

2019

Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise

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The aim of this study was to determine, on the basis of performance levels, running pace profiles of the male runners (n = 2095) who completed the 40th International Istanbul Marathon in less than 6 hours. While 0-35 km of the marathon was divided into 5 km long sections, 35-42.2 km of it was determined as the last segment which was 7.2 km. The average speeds of the running pace of the athletes in the determined segments were calculated. Performance groups were evaluated in 8 different groups with the athletes completing the race in the finishing time slower than the winner's race time. In these context, the independent variables were performance levels and the segments, dependent variable was mean running times in all these segments. The difference between performance groups and successive segments was evaluated with Two-way repeated measures ANOVA. The results also showed that mean pacing alterations between successive segments throughout the race had some similarities and were correlated between the performance levels. Analysis showed that there were statistically significant alterations between successive segments pacing profiles depending on for each performance levels (p<0.000). Overall, the athletes showed an increasing pace in all the performance groups in the first 10 kilometers of the race (p<0.001). The highest level of the performance group showed an even pace in the segments between 10 and 25 km, while it fell between 25 and 30 km and continue at this level between 30 and 35 km. In other groups, it was observed that the speeds fell inversely proportional to the performance in the segments between 10 and 35 km (p<0.05). In the last 7.2 km segment, it was observed that the athletes with the highest level of performance had a decrease in pace and the rate of decrease in the pace was lower in the groups with lower performance level. Only in the slowest group of athletes, the pace was observed to increase in the last segment. Considering the whole race, it was seen that the athletes showed a pace profile close to the positive pace profile in general.

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The Boston Marathon versus the World Marathon Majors

Cited by 28 publications

References 9 publications

Pacing and Performance in the 6 World Marathon Majors

Pacing and Performance in the 6 World Marathon Majors

The influence of meteorology and air quality on parkrun athletic performance

The Analysis of The Pacing Profiles Based on The Performance Level of The Finishers in The Istanbul Marathon

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