The Boy With the Jellyfish Tattoo and Facial Swelling

Tortell, Alexandra; Baldacchino, Reuben Vella; Grech, Jamie Alexander

doi:10.1016/j.wem.2021.07.004

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 8 publications

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“…Other systemic reactions Acute renal failure Hydrozoa [120] Arrythmia Hydrozoa [121] Rhabdomyolysis Hydrozoa [122,123] Erythema nodosum Hydrozoa [124] Deep venous thrombosis Scyphozoa [125] Facial swelling unknown [126,127] Digital necrosis unknown [128][129][130] Spinal cord infarct unknown [131] Cellulitis Scyphozoa [79] Myalgia Scyphozoa, Cubozoa [132] Abdominal cramping Scyphozoa, Cubozoa [13,119] Cough Scyphozoa [13,119] Nausea and vomiting Hydrozoa [133] Cold sweating Hydrozoa [133] Delayed eye swelling unknown [134] Long term reactions Keloids Cubozoa [71,73] Lichen planus unknown [135] Hyperpigmentation Scyphozoa, Hydrozoa, Cubozoa [78,86,136] Fat atrophy unknown [137] Delayed necrosis Cubozoa [82] Gangrene Cubozoa [138] Persistent hypersensitivity Scyphozoa [139] Koebner Phenomenon unknown [140] Persistent neuropathy unknown [111] Granulomatous infiltration Cubozoa [87] Nodular papular eruption Cubozoa [84] Potentially fatal reactions Immediate cardiac arrest Cubozoa [141][142][143] Acute myocardial infarction unknown [29,31] Rapid respiratory arrest Cubozoa, Scyphozoa…”

Section: Type Of Reaction Reaction Class Implied Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raising Awareness on the Clinical and Forensic Aspects of Jellyfish Stings: A Worldwide Increasing Threat

Cunha

Dinis-Oliveira

2022

IJERPH

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Jellyfish are ubiquitous animals registering a high and increasing number of contacts with humans in coastal areas. These encounters result in a multitude of symptoms, ranging from mild erythema to death. This work aims to review the state-of-the-art regarding pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and relevant clinical and forensic aspects of jellyfish stings. There are three major classes of jellyfish, causing various clinical scenarios. Most envenomations result in an erythematous lesion with morphological characteristics that may help identify the class of jellyfish responsible. In rare cases, the sting may result in delayed, persistent, or systemic symptoms. Lethal encounters have been described, but most of those cases happened in the Indo-Pacific region, where cubozoans, the deadliest jellyfish class, can be found. The diagnosis is mostly clinical but can be aided by dermoscopy, skin scrapings/sticky tape, confocal reflectance microscopy, immunological essays, among others. Treatment is currently based on preventing further envenomation, inactivating the venom, and alleviating local and systemic symptoms. However, the strategy used to achieve these effects remains under debate. Only one antivenom is currently used and covers merely one species (Chironex fleckeri). Other antivenoms have been produced experimentally but were not tested on human envenomation settings. The increased number of cases, especially due to climate changes, justifies further research in the study of clinical aspects of jellyfish envenoming.

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