The brain can eat: Establishing the existence of a central pattern generator for feeding in third instar larvae of Drosophila virilis and Drosophila melanogaster

Schoofs, Andreas; Niederegger, Senta; Ooyen, A. van; Heinzel, Hans‐Georg; Spieß, Roland

doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.12.008

Cited by 24 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Recently, an electrophysiological approach was used in semi-intact preparations to monitor the rhythmic motor patterns that comprise the Drosophila larval feeding cycle [45]. These analyses led to the identification of three motor patterns derived from three distinct nerves that innervate the feeding apparatus and which together comprise larval feeding behavior: motor output of antennal nerve (AN) results in pharyngeal pumping, motor output of maxillary nerve (MN) drives mouth hook movements, and that of prothoracic accessory nerve (PaN) causes head tilting movements [45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These analyses led to the identification of three motor patterns derived from three distinct nerves that innervate the feeding apparatus and which together comprise larval feeding behavior: motor output of antennal nerve (AN) results in pharyngeal pumping, motor output of maxillary nerve (MN) drives mouth hook movements, and that of prothoracic accessory nerve (PaN) causes head tilting movements [45]. In addition to providing higher resolution dissection of feeding motor patterns, this approach also overcomes an important issue relevant for studying motor circuits in general: it eliminates external inputs provided by a wide variety of sensory organs, as well as by internal peripheral tissues that can affect feeding responses, such as the gut, fat body, or the oenocytes [46]–[48].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selection of Motor Programs for Suppressing Food Intake and Inducing Locomotion in the Drosophila Brain

Schoofs

Hückesfeld²,

Schlegel³

et al. 2014

PLoS Biol

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112

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of Motor Programs for Suppressing Food Intake and Inducing Locomotion in the Drosophila Brain

Schoofs

Hückesfeld²,

Schlegel³

et al. 2014

PLoS Biol

Self Cite

112

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“…However, any type or layer of neuron could theoretically participate in a CPG. Feeding in Drosophila larvae has been shown to make use of a CPG in the SEZ (Schoofs et al 2010(Schoofs et al , H€ uckesfeld et al 2015. In the SEZ of an adult moth, an interneuron was recorded that showed phasic activity to a tonic sugar stimulus (Kvello et al 2010), making it a good candidate for a component of a CPG.…”

Section: Interneuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor control of fly feeding

McKellar¹

2016

Journal of Neurogenetics

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Following considerable progress on the molecular and cellular basis of taste perception in fly sensory neurons, the time is now ripe to explore how taste information, integrated with hunger and satiety, undergo a sensorimotor transformation to lead to the motor actions of feeding behavior. I examine what is known of feeding circuitry in adult flies from more than 250 years of work in larger flies and from newer work in Drosophila. I review the anatomy of the proboscis, its muscles and their functions (where known), its motor neurons, interneurons known to receive taste inputs, interneurons that diverge from taste circuitry to provide information to other circuits, interneurons from other circuits that converge on feeding circuits, proprioceptors that influence the motor control of feeding, and sites of integration of hunger and satiety on feeding circuits. In spite of the several neuron types now known, a connected pathway from taste inputs to feeding motor outputs has yet to be found. We are on the threshold of an era where these individual components will be assembled into circuits, revealing how nervous system architecture leads to the control of behavior.

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“…Previous work has identified motor neurons projecting to muscle 11; when these neurons are inhibited, food consumption on a short timescale decreases (15). Although neurons comprising a pump CPG have not been identified, there is evidence for a larval feeding CPG in Drosophila and other insects (16)(17)(18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Motor neurons controlling fluid ingestion in Drosophila

Manzo

Silies

Gohl

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Rhythmic motor behaviors such as feeding are driven by neural networks that can be modulated by external stimuli and internal states. In Drosophila, ingestion is accomplished by a pump that draws fluid into the esophagus. Here we examine how pumping is regulated and characterize motor neurons innervating the pump. Frequency of pumping is not affected by sucrose concentration or hunger but is altered by fluid viscosity. Inactivating motor neurons disrupts pumping and ingestion, whereas activating them elicits arrhythmic pumping. These motor neurons respond to taste stimuli and show prolonged activity to palatable substances. This work describes an important component of the neural circuit for feeding in Drosophila and is a step toward understanding the rhythmic activity producing ingestion.I n many systems, complex motion is controlled by central pattern generators (CPGs), neural circuits that can produce oscillatory activity independent of sensory input (1, 2). Feeding behaviors such as chewing and sucking require coordinated contraction of different muscle groups in a rhythmic pattern. In Drosophila, ingestion is driven by a pump located in the proboscis (3, 4). Although the mechanics of fluid ingestion have been examined in other insects, the neural circuits controlling ingestion have not been extensively characterized (5-7).The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model system for examining neural control of fluid ingestion because both neurons and behavior can be studied using molecular and genetic approaches. In Drosophila, feeding begins with detection of a palatable food source followed by proboscis extension and fluid ingestion. Sensory neurons located in the proboscis, legs, mouthparts, wing margins, and ovipositor allow the fly to detect a variety of compounds, including sugars, bitter substances, carbon dioxide, and water (8-10). Many of these neurons send projections to the subesophageal ganglion (SOG) of the fly brain (11). Also located in the SOG are motor neurons that innervate muscles involved in feeding behaviors (12, 13). Two muscles (muscles 11 and 12) constitute a pump; the activity of these muscles fills a chamber (the cibarium) with fluid and expels the fluid into the esophagus (3,4,14). Previous work has identified motor neurons projecting to muscle 11; when these neurons are inhibited, food consumption on a short timescale decreases (15). Although neurons comprising a pump CPG have not been identified, there is evidence for a larval feeding CPG in Drosophila and other insects (16-18).How do pump motor neurons control ingestion? Motor neurons may be passive effectors of a pumping CPG or could contribute to its rhythm. We performed inducible activation and neuronal inhibition experiments to determine how motor neuron activity affects pumping. If motor neurons were passive effectors, activation would lead to prolonged contraction of the target muscles. If motor neuron activity influenced a pumping CPG, activation could produce pumping.In this work we examine the regulation of pu...

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The brain can eat: Establishing the existence of a central pattern generator for feeding in third instar larvae of Drosophila virilis and Drosophila melanogaster

Cited by 24 publications

References 90 publications

Selection of Motor Programs for Suppressing Food Intake and Inducing Locomotion in the Drosophila Brain

Selection of Motor Programs for Suppressing Food Intake and Inducing Locomotion in the Drosophila Brain

Motor control of fly feeding

Motor neurons controlling fluid ingestion in Drosophila

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