The “brain-heart-gut” axis and novel mechanisms of future cardiovascular disease

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the globe. Both established cardiovascular disease (eCVD) and future CVD (fCVD) need to further explore the mechanisms. This article briefly introduces current major studies on axis and CVD, which were published in cardiovascular journals and non-cardiovascular journals (Table 1 & Table 2), and brings up and discusses the new origins of fCVD linking to major risk factors in early life due to unhealthy “environment-sleep-emotion-exercise-diet” intervention [E(e)SEEDi] lifestyle referred as to a “Golden Hoop Curse”, and the “brain-heart-gut” axis—a fresh theory on novel mechanisms of fCVD (Figure 1 & Figure 2), which are mediated by E(e)SEEDi lifestyle and microbiome. As a new theory, the “brain-heart-gut” axis will help us to earlier and better prevent and control both eCVD and fCVD with healthy E(e)SEEDi lifestyle.