The Brain on Drugs: From Reward to Addiction

Volkow, Nora D.; Morales, Marisela

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.046

Cited by 1,046 publications

(850 citation statements)

References 178 publications

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“…Esta atenuación deja al cerebro sensible a la estimulación tanto de las recompensas relacionadas con drogas como de las no asociadas con ellas. La exposición repetida a los efectos de la dopamina conduce a adaptaciones en los circuitos de la amígdala basal; éstas producen un incremento en la reactividad de una persona para destacar y dar lugar a la aparición de emociones negativas (Volkow & Morales, 2015;Volkow et al, 2016).…”

Section: Síndrome De Abstinenciaunclassified

Modelaje matemático del modelo neurobiológico de las adicciones

Mendoza¹,

Muñoz-Sánchez²,

Alvarado-Vargas³

et al. 2016

RIIAD

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Introduction: addiction is considered a central nervous system disease that consists of three stages: intoxication, withdrawal and craving. The neurobiological model of addictions proposed by Volkow et al. (2003) includes the states of control, memory, motivation and reward, however, in order to generate an explicit and universal solution to this disease is necessary to mathematize theoretical models. Objective: to propose and to develop the mathematization of a stochastic model using Markov Chains in the phenomenon of psychoactive substances and addiction. Method: mathematization of a stochastic model using Markov Chains and differential equations. Results: using Markov Chains, models of two brains were compared, one healthy (no consumer of psychoactive substances) against one of a person with addiction and through transition probabilities we observed differences from one model to another. Differential equations were used to estimate the time of the effect of a drug in the body and combined with trigonometric equations we sought to estimate the best function to continue with an addiction and relapse. Discussion and conclusions: the obtained mathematical modeling indicates that the neurobiological model of addictions may be represented by a Markov Chain inhomogeneous. In the case of a healthy brain, it can pass with equal probability (p = 1/3) from one state to another, in the case of a person with addiction, the transition probabilities depend on time, drug type, dose and route of administration.

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Section: Síndrome De Abstinenciaunclassified

Modelaje matemático del modelo neurobiológico de las adicciones

Mendoza¹,

Muñoz-Sánchez²,

Alvarado-Vargas³

et al. 2016

RIIAD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…ICDs can have potentially devastating consequences for both patient and the patient's family (Voon et al., 2006). The direct interaction of dopaminergic medication as well as the demonstrated prevalence of compulsive medication behavior in PD (Callesen, Scheel‐Kruger, Kringelbach, & Moller, 2013; Giovannoni, O'Sullivan, Turner, Manson, & Lees, 2000 for review), is of theoretical interest also considering studies on involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms in addictive behavior (Volkow & Morales, 2015). Compulsive, addiction‐like, behavior has been suggested to be involved in the transformation of frequent headaches into the form of chronic headache designated “medication‐overuse headache” (Calabresi & Cupini, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometric properties of a Norwegian adaption of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale‐11 in a sample of Parkinson patients, headache patients, and controls

et al. 2016

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ObjectiveTo assess the psychometric properties of a Norwegian translation of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS‐11) for use in populations of headache, Parkinson's disease (PD), and healthy controls.Materials and MethodsThe BIS‐11 was forward and backward translated by native speakers of both Norwegian and English to give Norwegian BIS‐11 (Nor‐BIS‐11). A convenience sample (110 subjects) of healthy controls (47), PD patients (43), and chronic headache patients (20) (the latter two recruited from a Neurology outpatient clinic), were asked to complete the scale (a subset twice for test–retest). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were done for a single‐factor model, the original three‐factor model and a two‐factor model. Test–retest results were analyzed using the Bland–Altman approach.ResultsThe Nor‐BIS‐11 scale showed good utility and acceptability as well as good test–retest reliability in this sample. Cronbach's α was .68, test–retest bias was −0.73, Cohen's δ = −.134, and limits of agreement were −11.48 to 10.01. The factor structure was found to fit better with a two‐factor model than with the original model with three factors. The model fit indices indicated a moderate fit.ConclusionsThe Nor‐BIS‐11 scale is acceptable and reliable to use in Parkinson's disease patients, chronic headache patients, and healthy controls. The results should be interpreted in a two‐factor model but with caution due to low construct validity. External validity needs to be further tested.

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“…After decades of research, the brain disease model of addiction has gained widespread, if not universal (Hall, Carter, and Forlini 2015), support from the biomedical research community. Its central tenet is that addiction co-opts the brain, making it difficult for addicts to control their decisions, either to misuse drugs or to seek treatment (Volkow and Morales 2015). For offenders with an OUD, then, perhaps of equal concern is the coercive effect of addiction itself -and that for such individuals access to MAT in CJ setting would be better viewed as an option to regain control.…”

Section: Ethical Implication Of Brain Disease Model Of Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One Good Decision: The Policy Argument for Extended Release Naltrexone in the Criminal Justice Setting

Koppel

Skolnick²

2017

Journal of Drug Policy Analysis

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(2):157-165). For the CJ system, this presents not just a challenge but a unique opportunity to improve public health and public safety. In particular, medicationassisted treatments (MATs) have shown the potential to reduce both recidivism and relapse. Nevertheless, access to MAT in this setting remains limited; for example, although U.S. drug courts were created chiefly to expand access to drug addiction treatment services, only about one-half make MAT available (Matusow et al. 2013, "Medication Assisted Treatment in US Drug Courts: Results from a Nationwide Survey of Availability, Barriers and Attitudes." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 44 (5):473-480). In this commentary, we explore the reasons for which access to MAT is limited in this setting, and lay out the evidence and arguments for a particular type of MAT: extended release (ER) naltrexone.

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The Brain on Drugs: From Reward to Addiction

Cited by 1,046 publications

References 178 publications

Modelaje matemático del modelo neurobiológico de las adicciones

Modelaje matemático del modelo neurobiológico de las adicciones

Psychometric properties of a Norwegian adaption of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale‐11 in a sample of Parkinson patients, headache patients, and controls

One Good Decision: The Policy Argument for Extended Release Naltrexone in the Criminal Justice Setting

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