The Brain: Target and Source for Sex Steroid Hormones

Bernardi, F; Genazzani, Andrea Riccardo

doi:10.1007/978-0-585-37973-9_20

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The results of a study confirmed that estrogen when injected into the nucleus tractus solitarius which is a relay station for all cardiac autonomic afferents as well as efferentsshowed an increase in vagal tone and simultaneous reduction in sympathetic activity, hence estrogen secreted during the follicular phase has a role in up regulation of parasympathetic activity. 15 Our study reports are coherent with the results of another study wherein they conducted the assessment of the sympathetic neural activity and observed a statistically higher sympathetic activity towards the luteal phase of menstrual cycle. 16 Sinus arrhythmia: Both the cardiac as well as the respiratory system functions oscillate in unison both almost forming a single unit wherein there is increase in the heart rate during inspiration and heart rate decelerates during expiration, this phenomenon is known as sinus arrhythmia which occurs as a result of fluctuations in the vagal tone.…”

Section: Standing Is To Lying Ratio (Postural Index)supporting

confidence: 91%

“…Increased estrogen during the follicular phase is supposed to cause vagal activation along with a concomitant decline in the sympathetic activity. 15,21 A study conducted proved an increased sympathetic activity in luteal phase with no changes in parasympathetic activity. 22 There is evidence which proves that the Valsalva test elicits certain hemodynamic changes which lead to activation of both the sympathetic as well as parasympathetic nervous systems both at central and peripheral levels.…”

Section: Standing Is To Lying Ratio (Postural Index)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The modulatory influence of different phases of menstrual cycle on the parasympathetic tone in sedentary females-A cross-sectional study

2020

IJCAP

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Introduction:The cyclical fluctuating gonadal hormones in a female affect the functioning of the autonomic nervous system & a decline in parasympathetic neural activity is a forerunner to multiple cardiac conditions like MI, angina etc hence its detection at its inception is primary to institute remedial measures. Aim: The aim of the present study was to examine whether the cardiac parasympathetic status of a healthy eumenorrhic female is altered during different phases of menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods-Thirty eumenorrhic females were recruited during the follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle & subjected to battery of parasympathetic autonomic tests Statistical Analysis: Data was analyzed statistically using student's paired t-test. Results: The results from 30:15 ratio in follicular phase was (1.19 ±0.05) while in luteal (1.08 ±0.05), E:I ratio in follicular (1.58 ±0.15) while in luteal phase was (1.29 ±0.25), Valsalva ratio in follicular (1.89 ±0.32 ) while in luteal phase was (1.73 ±0.34) while the values of DBD and Tachycardia ratio were insignificant statistically Conclusion: We hence conclude that there is an obvious interaction between the gonadal hormones and autonomic nervous system which is reflected by a reduced vagal outflow during luteal phase.

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Section: Standing Is To Lying Ratio (Postural Index)supporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Standing Is To Lying Ratio (Postural Index)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The modulatory influence of different phases of menstrual cycle on the parasympathetic tone in sedentary females-A cross-sectional study

2020

IJCAP

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“…The likely reason for this attribution can be explained from the effects of ovarian hormones on the autonomic nervous system. Previous studies have indicated that estrogens act as cholinergic agonists by inducing the synthesis of and activating choline acetyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme for acetylcholine formation (9), and by inhibiting adrenergic outflow (17), whereas natural progesterone at a physiological dose acts as an adrenergic agonist by inducing an increase in norepinephrine release (43). Thus, the E/P ratio may determine the balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic activity.…”

Section: Correlations Between Nonlinear and Linear Hrv Measuresmentioning

confidence: 98%

Influence of the menstrual cycle on nonlinear properties of heart rate variability in young women

Bai

Li²,

Zhou³

et al. 2009

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

148

108

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This study was designed to assess the changes in nonlinear properties of heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) during the menstrual cycle by means of complexity measures, including sample entropy (SampEn) and correlation dimension (CD), and explore probable physiological interpretations for them. In 16 healthy women (mean age: 23.8 +/- 2.7 yr), complexity measures along with the spectral components of HRV (sympathovagal markers) were analyzed over 1,500 R-R intervals recorded during both the follicular phase (day 11.9 +/- 1.4) and the luteal phase (day 22.0 +/- 1.4) of each woman's menstrual cycle. Simultaneously, serum ovarian hormone (estradiol-17 and progesterone) and thyroid-related hormone [free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine (T(4)), and thyroid-stimulating hormone] concentrations were measured. With regard to HRV measures, SampEn, CD, and high-frequency (HF) components decreased from the follicular phase to the luteal phase, whereas normalized low-frequency (LF) components and the LF-to-HF ratio as well as resting HR increased. In regard to hormone levels, whereas progesterone was increased, the other hormone concentrations were unchanged. Furthermore, across the menstrual cycle, both SampEn and CD were well correlated with the spectral indexes and free T(4) concentrations, and SampEn also showed significant correlations with the ratio of estradiol-17 to progesterone concentrations. These results suggest that the nonlinear properties in HRV are altered during the regular menstrual cycle and that the autonomic nervous system, ovarian hormone balance, and free T(4) may be involved in nonlinear HR control in healthy women. All of these factors may enrich the physiological meanings of complexity measures.

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“…Healthy females have a lower central sympathetic neural output to periphery and a lower sympathetic vasoconstrictor drive when compared to healthy men. 19 Studies done at molecular level indicate that centralactions of estrogens include facilitation of cholinergic transmission and activating the synthesis of a vital rate limiting enzyme choline acetyltransferase, involved in the formation of acetylcholine formation, and also have a role in sympathetic outflow inhibititon 20,21 Estrogen 22 decreases the production of cyclooxygenase derived products, reactive oxygen species, angiotensin-II & endothelin-1 which are vasoconstrictor agents. It inhibits smooth muscle cells by activating K+ efflux & by inhibiting calcium influx through inhibition of L-type Ca 2+ channels and decreases myosin light chain phosphorylation and contraction of smooth muscle.…”

Section: Observation and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in Response to Cold Pressor Test in the Age Group of 18-30 Years

2020

IJOP

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Introduction:The Cold Pressor Test (CPT) was first introduced by Hines and Brown in 1932. It was designed to measure the reactivity of the blood vessels to a standard stimulus 2 . Cold Pressor Test is an established challenge test of sympathetic vascular regulation. Sympathetic nervous system activity varies in males and females.Aim: To study the response of Cold Pressor Test on blood pressure in normal healthy young adult males and females. Materials and Method:After Institutional ethics committee approval, a total of 104 subjects in the age group of 18-30 years were recruited with informed consent for the study, after considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects were explained about the test procedure. Basal blood pressure (pre-test BP) was recorded after 20 min. of rest. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured in mmHg (pre-test). Subject was asked to dip left hand till the wrist in cold water (4 0 -8 0 C) for 1 min. (minute).Blood pressure was recorded from right arm during the test, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes and 4 minutes after the test.Result: Basal BP was significantly higher in males than in females. Systolic BP(SBP) response, Diastolic BP response (DBP) to CPT were statistically higher in males compared to females. Conclusions:The gender variations are seen due to differences in the sympathetic nervous system activity and due to the effect of sex hormones. Males are more prone to develop hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders when compared to females due to higher sympathetic activity.

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The Brain: Target and Source for Sex Steroid Hormones

Cited by 3 publications

References 22 publications

The modulatory influence of different phases of menstrual cycle on the parasympathetic tone in sedentary females-A cross-sectional study

The modulatory influence of different phases of menstrual cycle on the parasympathetic tone in sedentary females-A cross-sectional study

Influence of the menstrual cycle on nonlinear properties of heart rate variability in young women

Gender Differences in Response to Cold Pressor Test in the Age Group of 18-30 Years

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