The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia: reliability, sensitivity, and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery

Keefe, Richard S.E.; Goldberg, Terry E.; Harvey, Philip D.; Gold, James M.; Poe, Margaret P.; Coughenour, Leigh

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.011

Cited by 1,314 publications

(1,016 citation statements)

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“…As can be seen in Table 2, intraclass correlations ranged from .61 to .89, and were generally strong within each battery and across similar domains. These findings are consistent with previously reported BACS test-retest coefficients in schizophrenia patients who had not undergone a change in drug treatment status between evaluations (Keefe et al, 2004).…”

Section: Sk Hill Et Alsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…This battery requires approximately 90 min to administer 10 tests that characterize six neuropsychological domains (see Keefe et al, 2003Keefe et al, , 2006. The BACS can be administered in 35 min and consists of six tests covering four domains (Keefe et al, 2004 (Keefe et al, 2004). Alternate forms were also used for the Tower Test.…”

Section: Neurocognitive Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternate forms were also used for the Tower Test. The BACS validation study showed that alternate Verbal Fluency forms were not needed (Keefe et al, 2004); thus, subsequent BACS versions did not include alternate Verbal Fluency forms. The BACS Category Instance Generation (CIG) test was administered at baseline; however, the alternate version was redundant with the CATIE battery at followup, and the BACS CIG was consequently excluded from all data analysis.…”

Section: Neurocognitive Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, to provide an approximate characterization of the current sample in terms of overall cognitive level, we compared BACS performance to previously published data on a healthy comparison sample (co-normed data are not available for the CATIE battery). Composite scores for the BACS were calculated as the mean of Z scores, separately computed for each measure relative to the mean and standard deviation of the healthy comparison sample used in the BACS validation study (Keefe et al, 2004). Consistent with previous reports characterizing first episode samples relative to healthy comparison samples with other batteries (Bilder et al, 2000;Hill et al, 2004a), the BACS composite indicated moderate overall cognitive impairment for participants who completed baseline (Z 5 21.54 6 0.93) and 12-week (5 21.49 6 0.92) assessments.…”

Section: Neurocognitive Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, several brief test batteries have been developed for assessing cognition in clinical trials of antipsychotic medications in schizophrenia. One of these, the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS: Keefe et al, 2004), requires less than 35 min to administer and has an excellent completion rate and high reliability (Keefe et al, 2004). A second battery was developed and used in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) project (Keefe et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficiency of the CATIE and BACS neuropsychological batteries in assessing cognitive effects of antipsychotic treatments in schizophrenia

Hill

Sweeney

Hamer

et al. 2008

J. Inter. Neuropsych. Soc.

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Efficient and reliable assessments of cognitive treatment effects are essential for the comparative evaluation of procognitive effects of pharmacologic therapies. Yet, no studies have addressed the sensitivity and efficiency with which neurocognitive batteries evaluate cognitive abilities before and after treatment. Participants were primarily first episode schizophrenia patients who completed baseline (n 5 367) and 12-week (n 5 219) assessments with the BACS (Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia) and CATIE (Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness) neuropsychological batteries in a clinical trial comparing olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that performance on both batteries was characterized by a single factor of generalized cognitive deficit for both baseline performance and cognitive change after treatment. Both batteries estimated similar levels of change following treatment, although the BACS battery required half the administration time. Because a unitary factor characterized baseline cognitive abilities in early psychosis as well as cognitive change after treatment with atypical antipsychotic medications, short batteries such as the BACS may efficiently provide sufficient assessment of procognitive treatment effects with antipsychotic medications. Assessment of cognitive effects of adjunctive therapies targeting specific cognitive domains or impairments may require more extensive testing of the domains targeted to maximize sensitivity for detecting specific predicted cognitive outcomes. (JINS, 2008, 14, 209-221.)

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Section: Sk Hill Et Alsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Neurocognitive Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neurocognitive Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neurocognitive Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Efficiency of the CATIE and BACS neuropsychological batteries in assessing cognitive effects of antipsychotic treatments in schizophrenia

Hill

Sweeney

Hamer

et al. 2008

J. Inter. Neuropsych. Soc.

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The Cognitive and Affective Structure of Paranoid Delusions

Bentall¹,

Rowse²,

Shryane³

et al. 2009

Arch Gen Psychiatry

270

102

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Overlooking the Obvious

Dickinson

Ramsey²,

Gold

2007

Arch Gen Psychiatry

776

298

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Context:In focusing on potentially localizable cognitive impairments, the schizophrenia meta-analytic literature has overlooked the largest single impairment: on digit symbol coding tasks.Objective: To compare the magnitude of the schizophrenia impairment on coding tasks with impairments on other traditional neuropsychological instruments.Data Sources: MEDLINE and PsycINFO electronic databases and reference lists from identified articles.Study Selection: English-language studies from 1990 to present, comparing performance of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls on coding tasks and cognitive measures representing at least 2 other cognitive domains. Of 182 studies identified, 40 met all criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis.Data Extraction: Means, standard deviations, and sample sizes were extracted for digit symbol coding and 36 other cognitive variables. In addition, we recorded potential clinical moderator variables, including chronicity/ severity, medication status, age, and education, and potential study design moderators, including coding task variant, matching, and study publication date.Data Synthesis: Main analyses synthesized data from 37 studies comprising 1961 patients with schizophrenia and 1444 comparison subjects. Combination of mean effect sizes across studies by means of a random effects model yielded a weighted mean effect for digit symbol coding of g = −1.57 (95% confidence interval, −1.66 to −1.48). This effect compared with a grand mean effect of g=−0.98 and was significantly larger than effects for widely used measures of episodic memory, executive functioning, and working memory. Moderator variable analyses indicated that clinical and study design differences between studies had little effect on the coding task effect.Comparison with previous meta-analyses suggested that current results were representative of the broader literature. Subsidiary analysis of data from relatives of patients with schizophrenia also suggested prominent coding task impairments in this group. Conclusion:The 5-minute digit symbol coding task, reliable and easy to administer, taps an information processing inefficiency that is a central feature of the cognitive deficit in schizophrenia and deserves systematic investigation. Psychiatry. 2007;64:532-542 W ITH EVIDENCE FROM hundreds of studies, cognitive impairment is now widely recognized as a critical and reliable feature of schizophrenia. Meta-analytic methods have been useful in distilling this enormous literature. In the first major synthesis, Heinrichs and Zakzanis 1 found evidence of significant impairment across the full range of traditional neuropsychological tests, with some evidence of disproportionate impairment in the area of verbal memory. Other meta-analyses have focused more specifically on episodic memory, 2,3 executive functioning, 4 the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test,5,6 working memory, 7 and verbal fluency. 8 , 9 These meta-analyseshighlighting domains and measures associated with prefrontal and temporal brain regions-reflect the do...

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The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia: reliability, sensitivity, and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery

Cited by 1,314 publications

References 23 publications

Efficiency of the CATIE and BACS neuropsychological batteries in assessing cognitive effects of antipsychotic treatments in schizophrenia

Efficiency of the CATIE and BACS neuropsychological batteries in assessing cognitive effects of antipsychotic treatments in schizophrenia

The Cognitive and Affective Structure of Paranoid Delusions

Overlooking the Obvious

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