The Brief Motor Scale (BMS) for the assessment of motor soft signs in schizophrenic psychoses and other psychiatric disorders

Jähn, Thomas; Cohen, Rudolf; Hubmann, W.; Mohr, Fritz; Köhler, I.; Schlenker, R.; Niethammer, Rainer; Schröder, Johannes

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2002.12.002

Cited by 45 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Numbers in parenthesis: SD, if one number; range, if two numbers . AIMS, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale; Barnes, Barnes Rating Scale for Drug-Induced Akathisia; BMS, Brief Motor Scale ( 59 ); BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CH, Chronic schizophrenia patients; CNE, Condensed Neurological Examination ( 60 ); CNI, Cambridge Neurological Inventory ( 61 ); ESRS, Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale; f, female; FE, first episode; HC, Healthy Controls; HD, Heidelberg NSS scale ( 29 ); ICC, intra class correlation; IRR, interrater reliability; m, male; MATRICS, Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia; MCCB, MATRICS Cognitive Consensus Battery; NES, Neurological Evaluation Scale ( 62 ); NHSI, New Haven Schizophrenia Index; NR, non-remitters; OC, obstetric complications; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; Pt(s), patient(s); R, remitters; SANS, Scale for the assessment of negative symptoms; SAPS, Scale for the assessment of positive symptoms; SARS, Simpson Angus Rating Scale; SCZ, Schizophrenia; SFRSS, Schneider First Rank Symptom Scale ( 63 ); SKT, “Syndrom Kurztest” (short test for the assessment of cognitive functioning); TD-scale, tardive dyskinesia scale; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; NSS: Neurological Soft Signs .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological Soft Signs in Schizophrenia: An Update on the State- versus Trait-Perspective

Bachmann

Schröder

2018

Front. Psychiatry

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Background: Neurological soft signs (NSS) represent minor neurological signs, which indicate non-specific cerebral dysfunction. In schizophrenia, their presence has been documented extensively across all stages of the disease. Until recently, NSS were considered an endophenotype or a trait phenomenon. During the past years, however, researchers report fluctuations of the NSS scores.Aims: To further clarify the question whether NSS exhibit state or trait components or both, studies that have investigated NSS longitudinally were reviewed.Method: Studies which have assessed NSS longitudinally in adults suffering from schizophrenia, were searched for. The time frame was January 1966 to June 2017. Studies on teenagers were excluded because of interferences between brain maturation and pathology.Results: Twenty-nine follow-up studies were identified. They included patients during different stages of their illness and mainly used established instruments for NSS assessment. Patients with a first episode or a remitting course predominantly show a decrease of NSS over time, whereas a worsening of NSS can be found in the chronically ill. It was shown that change of NSS total scores over time is predominantly caused by motor system subscales and to a lesser extent by sensory integration scales. With respect to medication, the majority of studies agree on a relationship between medication response and improvement of NSS while the type of antipsychotic does not seem to play a major role. Moreover, where information on side-effects is given, it does not favor a strong relationship with NSS. However, NSS seem to correlate with negative and cognitive symptoms.Conclusion: Studies manifest a conformity regarding the presence of NSS in schizophrenia patients on the one hand. On the other hand, fluctuations of NSS scores have been widely described in subgroups. Taken together results strongly support a state-trait dichotomy of NSS. Thus, the usage of NSS as an endophenotype has to be called into question.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological Soft Signs in Schizophrenia: An Update on the State- versus Trait-Perspective

Bachmann

Schröder

2018

Front. Psychiatry

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“…The Brief Motor Scale (BMS) is a recently developed scale which offers faster assessment with good sensitivity and specificity. [24] The recent upsurge of interest in the cerebellum has led to the use of separate scales for cerebellar signs, like the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). [25]…”

Section: Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[55] The deficits were particularly in tasks that assessed motor coordination and timed motor speed. [2456]…”

Section: Clinical Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia - The past, the present and the future

Varambally

Venkatasubramanian

Gangadhar

2012

Indian J Psychiatry

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Clinical neurological abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia have been generally called “Neurological Soft Signs” (NSS). Studies have consistently shown increased NSS in patients with schizophrenia as compared to healthy persons. Early studies were limited by possible confounds of prior neuroleptic medications and illness chronicity. Studies in first episode never treated schizophrenia patients have addressed these confounds. The clinical significance of these findings and the correlation with cognitive dysmetria is the focus of the current review. Relevant literature was obtained using PUBMED and MEDLINE search (1980–2008) and a direct search of reference list of pertinent journal articles. In a 2003 study, neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia patients had significantly more NSS than controls. Patients who were more neurologically impaired had more negative symptoms. Higher NSS scores in treatment-naive schizophrenia patients and the absence of correlation between NSS and illness duration lends support to a neurodevelopmental pathogenesis for schizophrenia. The finding of incoordination and cerebellar signs in most studies also supports the “cognitive dysmetria” explanatory model for schizophrenia. A significant subgroup of patients with schizophrenia may have more neuropathological abnormalities, which predisposes them for a more severe and chronic course of illness. These patients may potentially be identified by clinical neurological examination, which might be very important for prognostication and evolving better methods of treatment for these patients. NSS, by themselves or as a composite index with other neurobiological parameters, hold potential as a candidate endophenotype for schizophrenia.

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“…The presence of mNSS was examined using the Brief Motor Scale (BMS) which comprises two subscales: Motor Coordination and Motor Sequencing (Jahn et al 2006). The Vocabulary subtest, from the WAIS-III (Wechsler 1997), was used as a measure of premorbid intelligence for all participants.…”

Section: Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinematic parameters of throwing performance in patients with schizophrenia using a markerless motion capture system

Sá

Marques

Rocha

et al. 2014

Somatosensory & Motor Research

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Motor dysfunction is consistently reported but understudied in schizophrenia. It has been hypothesized that this abnormality may reflect a neuro-developmental disorder underlying this illness. The main goal of this study was to analyze movement patterns used by participants with schizophrenia and healthy controls during overarm throwing performance, using a markerless motion capture system. Thirteen schizophrenia patients and 16 healthy control patients performed the overarm throwing task in a markerless motion capture system. Participants were also examined for the presence of motor neurological soft signs (mNSS) using the Brief Motor Scale. Schizophrenia patients demonstrated a less developed movement pattern with low individualization of components compared to healthy controls. The schizophrenia group also displayed a higher incidence of mNSS. The presence of a less mature movement pattern can be an indicator of neuro-immaturity and a marker for atypical neurological development in schizophrenia. Our findings support the understanding of motor dysfunction as an intrinsic part of the disorder of schizophrenia.

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The Brief Motor Scale (BMS) for the assessment of motor soft signs in schizophrenic psychoses and other psychiatric disorders

Cited by 45 publications

References 42 publications

Neurological Soft Signs in Schizophrenia: An Update on the State- versus Trait-Perspective

Neurological Soft Signs in Schizophrenia: An Update on the State- versus Trait-Perspective

Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia - The past, the present and the future

Kinematic parameters of throwing performance in patients with schizophrenia using a markerless motion capture system

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