“…PTSD is thought to be more widespread in the general population than acknowledged (O'Connor, Lasgaard, Spindler, & Elklit, 2007), highlighting the need to study leadership capacity while experiencing PTSS or PTSD in military and non-military populations. Similar to in extremis leadership, or leadership in extreme situations (Fisher, Hutchings, & Sarros, 2010;Kolditz, 2007), military trauma studies have implications for non-military leaders and organizations, even though the contexts differ. For example, research on PTSD and military leadership may apply to first responders (e.g., firefighters, police) and civilian trauma survivors of events (e.g., motor vehicle accidents, natural disasters, traumatic medical experiences, and crime) as the extreme nature of experiences raise similar existential questions and victims may follow a similar recovery process (Howell, 2006;Matthews, 2014).…”