The Bronze Age in the Lebanon

Bietak, Manfred; Czerny, Ernst

doi:10.1553/0x000487cb

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Archaeological evidence from both regions argues for the coinciding of the end of trade contacts between Egypt and Byblos and the beginning of trade contacts between Egypt 14 Arnold 1972;Arnold 1977;Arnold 1982;Arnold 1988;Bourriau 1981;Bourriau 1987;Bourriau 1990;Bourriau 1991;Bourriau 1997;Bourriau 2010;Bourriau -Quirke 1998;Seidlmayer 1990;Bietak 1989;Smith 1995, 53 -69. 75 -79;Bader 2001;Aston 2004;Seiler 2005; 15 Bietak et al 2008; 16 Ben-Tor 1997;Ben-Tor 1998;Ben-Tor 2004a;Ben-Tor 2007a;Keel 2004. 17 Bietak 1997, 105 -109;Bietak 2010, 151 -52;Bourriau 2000, 185 -86;Bourriau 2010, 13. 18 Bietak 1997, 108 -109;Bietak 2010, fig. 1.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Hyksos Ruler Khyan and the Early Second Intermediate Period in Egypt: Problems and Priorities of Current Research. Proceedings of the Workshop of the Austrian Archaeological Institute and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Vienna, July 4–5, 2014

Forstner-Müller¹,

Moeller²

2018

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Another paper on scarab typology was presented by Kim Ryholt who offers a comprehensive analysis of the entire seal and sealing corpus that can be assigned to the Second Intermediate Period, in particular the 14 th and 15 th Dynasty, which has expanded considerably since he first conducted research on this topic in his monograph from 1997. Using statistical methods for his analysis led to several important observations about the use and sealing practices of this period. He notes the intensive use of scarabs as seals for administrative practices during the 14 th Dynasty, which he defines as the group of earlier foreign rulers (the best known is king Nehesy) who were based in the eastern Delta. This phase of an intensive use of seals is followed by ›a dramatic decrease‹ from the early 15 th Dynasty onwards in northern Egypt that is matched by the same phenomenon in southern Egypt, namely from the 13 th Dynasty to the 16 th -17 th Dynasties based in Thebes. He carefully proposes that this observation might also have chronological value indicating that both dynasties of foreign rulers, the 14 th and the 15 th , started much earlier than previously Manetho (Josephus) Reconstruction with archaeological sources Semitic Names Salitis ? Šarā-Dagan (Šȝrk[n]) Bnon ? *Bin-ʿAnu Apachnan Khyan (ʿApaq-)Hajran Iannas Yanassi Jinaśśi'-Ad Archles/Assis Seker-Her Sikru-Haddu Apophis Apophis Apapi Khamudi Halmu'diIf Schneider is right, then the idea that Khyan directly preceded Apophis, as proposed by Ryholt, is a mistaken one. Of more import, however, is Moeller -Marouard -Ayers' thesis that Sobekhotep IV and Khyan are contemporary, or, at least, not very far apart from one another. This is somewhat difficult to prove since, if Khyan did not directly precede Apophis then both kings, Khyan and Sobekhotep IV cannot be tied to any absolute dates let alone with one another.The monumental and epigraphic evidence clearly shows that Sobekhotep IV is linked with his brothers Neferhotep I and Sihathor, but that their father was not a king, and nor were any of their sons 20 . They are also evidently the three kings mentioned in the Turin Royal Canon under column 7 nos. 25 -27, 25 being Neferhotep I, 26, Sihathor and 27, Sobekhotep IV. Unfortunately owing to various lacunae in the text, and the lack of reign lengths given for many of the kings, it is not possible to say exactly where these kings fit into the 13 th Dynasty, or when they actually ruled. In 1992, Detlef Franke made Sobekhotep IV the twenty-fourth king ruling between ca. 1720 and 1710 B.C. 21 . In 1997 Ryholt made Sobekhotep IV, the twenty-ninth king of the 13 th Dynasty, suggesting that he ruled around 1732 -1720 B.C. 22 , whilst in 2006, Schneider, considered him to be the twenty-fourth king of the dynasty and dated him to between 1709 and 1701 B.C. 23 . Sobekhotep IV was followed by the four kings Sobekhotep V, Ibiau, Mernefere Ay and Merhetepibre, the first three of whom reigned, according to the Turin Royal Canon for 39 years. At this point, however, a series of genealogies...

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