The Brown-Séquard Syndrome

Koehler, Peter J.

doi:10.1001/archneur.1986.00520090051015

Cited by 65 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The hemisection model has been extensively used to study this type of pain (Christensen et al, 1996; Gwak et al, 2006, 2007). This model mimics aspects of the Brown–Sequard syndrome in humans who experience severe chronic pain (Koehler and Endtz, 1986). The contusion model of SCI is believed to be the most clinically relevant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Etanercept and Minocycline in a rat model of spinal cord injury

Marchand

Tsantoulas

Singh

et al. 2009

European Journal of Pain

138

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Loss of function is usually considered the major consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, pain severely compromises the quality of life in nearly 70% of SCI patients. The principal aim of this study was to assess the contribution of Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) to SCI pain. TNF-alpha blockers have already been successfully used to treat inflammatory disorders but there are few studies on its effect on neuropathic pain, especially following SCI. Following T13 spinal cord hemisection, we examined the effects on mechanical allodynia and microglial activation of immediate and delayed chronic intrathecal treatment with etanercept, a fusion protein blocker of TNF-alpha. Immediate treatment (starting at the time of injury) with etanercept resulted in markedly reduced mechanical allodynia 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after SCI. Delayed treatment had no effect. Immediate etanercept treatment also reduced spinal microglial activation assessed by OX-42 immunostaining, a putative marker of activated microglia. To assess whether the effects of etanercept were mediated via decreased microglial activation, we examined the effects of the microglial inhibitor, minocycline which significantly reduced the development of pain behaviours at 1 and 2 weeks after SCI compared to saline treatment. Minocycline also significantly reduced microglial OX-42 expression. Furthermore, minocycline decreased the expression of noxious-stimulation-induced c-Fos, suggesting an effect on evoked neuronal activity. This study demonstrates that TNF-alpha plays an important role in the establishment of neuropathic pain following SCI, seemingly dependent on microglial activation. Pharmacological targeting of TNF-alpha may offer therapeutic opportunities for treating SCI pain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Etanercept and Minocycline in a rat model of spinal cord injury

Marchand

Tsantoulas

Singh

et al. 2009

European Journal of Pain

138

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“…In spinal cord hemisection injury in humans, Brown–Sequard Syndrome (BSS), chronic severe pain, is noted on both sides below the lesion. The BSS is characterized by ipsilateral hemiplegia and contralateral hyperalgesia [117].…”

Section: Animal Models Of Neuropathic Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal models of neuropathic pain

Jaggi

Jain

Singh³

2011

Fundamental &Amp; Clinical Pharmacology

313

199

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Animal models are pivotal for understanding the mechanism of neuropathic pain and development of effective therapy for its optimal management. A battery of neuropathic pain models has been developed to simulate the clinical pain conditions with diverse etiology. The present review exhaustively discusses the methodology, behavioral alterations, limitations, and advantages of about 40 different animal models of neuropathic pain along with their modifications. Development of these models has contributed immensely in understanding the chronic pain and underlying peripheral as well as central pathogenic mechanisms. Furthermore, research has resulted in the development of new therapeutic agents for neuropathic pain management, and the preclinical data obtained using these animal models have been successively translated to effective pain management in clinical setup also. As each animal model has been created with specific methodology and results tend to vary largely with the slight changes related to methodology, therefore, it is essential that data from different models should be reported and interpreted in the context of the specific pain model.

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“…The aetiologies of these cases are categorised into traumatic, neoplastic, degenerative, ischaemic, inflammatory, infective, haemorrhagic and miscellaneous causes [4]. A review of the literature reveals that spinal intradural arachnoid cyst has been reported as a cause of Brown-Sequard syndrome in only ten cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prognosis for functional and neurological improvement following traumatic Brown-Sequard syndrome is generally considered good [2,3]. In general, Brown-Sequard syndrome as a result of trauma has the best outcome with 86.1 % of patients achieving significant recovery [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-traumatic arachnoiditis: an unusual cause of Brown-Sequard syndrome

Ramli

et al. 2001

Eur Radiol

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Brown-Sequard syndrome (BSS) is a unilateral cord injury characterised by an ipsilateral motor deficit with contralateral pain and temperature hypoaesthesia. Although there are a variety of causes, the majority of cases are generally of neoplastic origin or are traumatic in origin. We describe a rare cause of Brown-Sequard syndrome as a result of post-traumatic arachnoiditis. Magnetic resonance imaging with the use of thin-slice high-resolution constructive interference in steady state (CISS) and T2-weighted spin-echo sequence were used to demonstrate the cause and appearance of the lesion in the spinal canal and was useful in the assessment and management of the patient. This case illustrates the usefulness of the CISS sequence in MRI for elucidating arachnoiditis.

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The Brown-Séquard Syndrome

Cited by 65 publications

References 42 publications

Effects of Etanercept and Minocycline in a rat model of spinal cord injury

Effects of Etanercept and Minocycline in a rat model of spinal cord injury

Animal models of neuropathic pain

Post-traumatic arachnoiditis: an unusual cause of Brown-Sequard syndrome

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