The Burden of Cancer, Government Strategic Policies, and Challenges in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review

Ali, Anwar; Manzoor, Muhammad Faisal; Aḥmad, Naẕīr; Aadil, Rana Muhammad; Qin, Hong; Siddique, Rabia; Riaz, Sakhawat; Arslan, Ahmad; Korma, Sameh A.; Khalid, Waseem; Liu, Aizhong

doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.940514

Cited by 63 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 172 publications

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“…Similar results among Afghans have been reported by others (9,10). Interestingly, these numbers are comparable to the cancer statistics among Pakistanis and Iranians (10)(11)(12). A recent study of Afghan oesophageal cancer patients has suggested that living in a rural area, illiteracy, consuming oral snuff, drinking hot tea, lack of physical exercise, modest consumption of fruit, and positive family history of cancer were significantly associated with the development of oesophageal cancer (13).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Cancer care in times of conflict: Treatment of patients from Afghanistan, in Pakistan

Mahmood

Khawaja²,

Yusuf³

2023

Front. Oncol.

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IntroductionAfghanistan has been in a near-continuous armed conflict, which has degraded the country’s health infrastructure. Due to this, Afghans have opted to seek cancer treatment in Pakistan. This manuscript aims to understand the complex cancer journey of patients from Afghanistan seeking care in the largest tertiary care cancer institutions in Pakistan.MethodsThis retrospective study explores the demographics, epidemiology and outcomes of Afghan cancer patients treated at the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centres (SKMCH&RC) in Lahore and Peshawar, Pakistan, over the period from 1995 to June 2022.ResultsA total of 6,370 patients from Afghanistan have undergone cancer care since 1995. The mean age at presentation was 40.7 years, 57% were male, and 87% were adults >19 years. Close to 30% of these patients came from Kabul and Nangarhar districts. 56% of all patients presented with stage III or IV disease. 34% of adult patients achieved a complete response to treatment, but more than half of all patients have since been lost to follow-up. Children generally had better outcomes, with 43% showing a complete response to treatment.DiscussionThe cancer journey for these patients remains long and difficult and the inability to ensure follow-up in so many remains frustrating for both patients and providers. The lack of a cancer infrastructure in Afghanistan after decades of conflict, means that policymakers need to develop and support alternative systems and structures to provide post-conflict domestic and cross-border cancer care.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Cancer care in times of conflict: Treatment of patients from Afghanistan, in Pakistan

Mahmood

Khawaja²,

Yusuf³

2023

Front. Oncol.

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“…The overproduction of ROS may be further exacerbated by the redox-sensitive transcription factors, including NF-kB and activator protein (AP)-1, which are activated by ROS and produce many pro-inflammatory cytokines ( 27 ). It causes a cycle that breeds a variety of illnesses, including insulin resistance, T2DM, atherosclerosis, and cancer, all referred to as MS ( 27 , 43 ).…”

Section: Relationship Between Ox-ldl and Metabolic Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative stress and metabolic diseases: Relevance and therapeutic strategies

et al. 2022

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Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a prominent cause of death worldwide, posing a threat to the global economy and public health. A mechanism that causes the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) is associated with metabolic abnormalities. Various processes are involved in oxidative stress (OS) of lipoprotein. Although the concept of the syndrome has been fiercely debated, this confluence of risk factors is associated with a higher chance of acquiring type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherosclerosis. Insulin resistance has been found to play a significant role in the progression of these metabolism-associated conditions. It causes lipid profile abnormalities, including greater sensitivity to lipid peroxidation, contributing to the increased prevalence of T2DM and atherosclerosis. This review aims to cover the most recent scientific developments in dietary OS, the consequence of metabolic disorders, and their most significant clinical manifestations (T2DM and atherosclerosis). It will also emphasize the effects of dietary approaches in alleviating OS in MS.

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“…In recent years, the incidence rate of cancer has increased year by year, which has placed a serious burden on society ( Ali et al, 2022 ). At present, cancer treatment mainly includes chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMI: a potential biomarker for tumor prognosis and immunotherapy

Qiao

Yang

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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N-Myc and STAT Interactor protein (NMI) is an interferon inducible protein participating in various cellular activities, and is widely involved in the process of tumorigenesis and progression. Studies have shown that the loss of NMI expression in breast cancer can promote its progression by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the expression level of NMI in other tumors and its impact on immune cell infiltration, patient prognosis, and drug treatment are still unclear. Here, we analyzed the role of NMI in pan-cancer through multiple omics data. We found that NMI was abnormally expressed in a variety of tumor tissues. The expression of NMI was closely related to the unique molecular and immunotyping, diagnosis and prognosis of various tumor tissues. In addition, we identified the main proteins that interact with NMI, and focused on the relationship between the clinical parameters of lower grade glioma (LGG) and NMI expression. Subsequently, we found that the expression of NMI was correlated with the infiltration of multiple immune cells and the expression of immune checkpoints. Finally, we also found that the expression of NMI was correlated with the sensitivity to multiple antitumor drugs. In conclusion, our comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of NMI revealed that it is a potential molecular marker for tumor diagnosis and treatment, plays an important role in tumor immunity, and is a promising molecular target for cancer treatment.

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The Burden of Cancer, Government Strategic Policies, and Challenges in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review

Cited by 63 publications

References 172 publications

Cancer care in times of conflict: Treatment of patients from Afghanistan, in Pakistan

Cancer care in times of conflict: Treatment of patients from Afghanistan, in Pakistan

Oxidative stress and metabolic diseases: Relevance and therapeutic strategies

NMI: a potential biomarker for tumor prognosis and immunotherapy

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