The burden of emerging contaminants upon an Atlantic Ocean marine protected reserve adjacent to Camps Bay, Cape Town, South Africa

Ojemaye, Cecilia Y.; Pampanin, Daniela M.; Sydnes, Magne O.; Green, Lesley; Petrik, Leslie

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12625

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Simazine had the highest concentration among the herbicides, despite being detected in 80% of the collected samples, while metolachlor had the lowest. The detection of pesticides in river water in this study is comparable to other published works, which detected herbicides, such as simazine, in Cape Town, South Africa [26], terbuthylazine in Western Cape, South Africa [24], metolachlor in Hungary [43], and atrazine in Maryland, United States [11]. Most of the rivers in this study pass through the city, industrial areas, and townships.…”

Section: Pesticides In Riverssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Monitoring pesticide levels in water resources is thus critical not only for assessing water quality but also for protecting the health of the ecosystem and South African water consumers. Previous studies on the occurrence of herbicides in South African aquatic environment found these substances in rivers in the Western Cape Province [24], dams in the Free State Province [25], seawater in the Western Cape Province [26], and wastewater influent and effluent in the KwaZulu Natal Province [27]. Hence, they did not shed light on the ecological risks of pesticides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Herbicides in Water Sources: Communicating Potential Risks to the Population of Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa

Mugudamani

Oke

Gumede

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Pesticides are an important tool for maintaining and improving the global population’s standard of living. However, their presence in water resources is concerning due to their potential consequences. Twelve water samples from rivers, dams/reservoirs, and treated drinking water were collected from Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality in South Africa. The collected samples were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography linked to a QTRAP hybrid triple quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The ecological and human health risks were assessed by risk quotient and human health risk assessment methods, respectively. Herbicides, such as atrazine, metolachlor, simazine and terbuthylazine, were analysed in water sources. The average concentrations of simazine in rivers (1.82 mg/L), dams/reservoirs (0.12 mg/L), and treated drinking water (0.03 mg/L) were remarkable among all four herbicides detected. Simazine, atrazine, and terbuthylazine posed high ecological risks for both acute and chronic toxicity in all water sources. Moreover, simazine is the only contaminant in the river water that poses a medium carcinogenic risk to adult. It can be concluded that the level of herbicide detected in water sources may affect aquatic life and human beings negatively. This study may aid in the development of pesticide pollution management and risk reduction strategies within the municipality.

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Section: Pesticides In Riverssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Herbicides in Water Sources: Communicating Potential Risks to the Population of Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa

Mugudamani

Oke

Gumede

et al. 2023

Toxics

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“…In human and veterinary medicine, most pharmaceuticals are used to prevent or treat infectious or lifestyle diseases, whereas large amounts are also used in agriculture to promote fruit growth and in livestock and fish farming to promote growth and prevent disease [69]. Since pharmaceuticals are biologically active substances that can interfere with the biochemical and physiological processes of non-target organisms when they ends up in water resources (Figure 1), they are recognized as being CECs [104]. A large number of PPCPs are excreted as the parent compound or as its metabolites, which flow into wastewater treatment plants [48].…”

Section: Pharmaceuticalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large number of PPCPs are excreted as the parent compound or as its metabolites, which flow into wastewater treatment plants [48]. While the concentration of some of these compounds can be controlled or reduced by facility-specific treatment practices, many CECs are not properly removed or are discharged into surface waters, including streams, estuaries, or open marine waters due to secondary bypass or combined sewer overflows [48,104]. Additionally, considering that approximately 70% of pharmaceuticals consumed by humans are ionized weak bases, more research is needed to understand pH influences on the bioavailability and toxicity of ionized pharmaceuticals [43].…”

Section: Pharmaceuticalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diclofenac, one of the most prescribed NSAIDs, is widely used to treat pain and inflammation, but it has been closely associated with adverse effects on avian fauna and raised environmental concerns [121,122]. In relation to other commonly used NSAIDs, diclofenac is reported to be about three to 1000 times more effective on a molar basis and in its ability to inhibit the activity of COX [104]. Despite acting as an anti-inflammatory, diclofenac has also been associated with decreasing antioxidant indices and thus may induce oxidative stress in cells [123].…”

Section: Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Male Reproductive Health: Challenging the Future with a Double-Edged Sword

Marcu

Keyser

Petrik

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Approximately 9% of couples are infertile, with half of these cases relating to male factors. While many cases of male infertility are associated with genetic and lifestyle factors, approximately 30% of cases are still idiopathic. Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) denote substances identified in the environment for the first time or detected at low concentrations during water quality analysis. Since CEC production and use have increased in recent decades, CECs are now ubiquitous in surface and groundwater. CECs are increasingly observed in human tissues, and parallel reports indicate that semen quality is continuously declining, supporting the notion that CECs may play a role in infertility. This narrative review focuses on several CECs (including pesticides and pharmaceuticals) detected in the nearshore marine environment of False Bay, Cape Town, South Africa, and deliberates their potential effects on male fertility and the offspring of exposed parents, as well as the use of spermatozoa in toxicological studies. Collective findings report that chronic in vivo exposure to pesticides, including atrazine, simazine, and chlorpyrifos, is likely to be detrimental to the reproduction of many organisms, as well as to sperm performance in vitro. Similarly, exposure to pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac and naproxen impairs sperm motility both in vivo and in vitro. These contaminants are also likely to play a key role in health and disease in offspring sired by parents exposed to CECs. On the other side of the double-edged sword, we propose that due to its sensitivity to environmental conditions, spermatozoa could be used as a bioindicator in eco- and repro-toxicology studies.

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The efficacy of wastewater treatment plant on removal of perfluoroalkyl substances and their impacts on the coastal environment of False Bay, South Africa

Ojemaye,

Abegunde,

Green

et al. 2024

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), which have their origins in both industrial processes and consumer products, can be detected at all treatment stages in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Quantifying the emissions of PFAS from WWTPs into the marine environment is crucial because of their potential impacts on receiving aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the levels of five PFAS were measured in both influent and effluent sewage water samples obtained from a municipal WWTP, the discharges of which flow into False Bay, on the Indian Ocean coast of Cape Town, South Africa. Additionally, seawater, sediment, and biota samples from eight sites along the False Bay coast were also analysed. Results showed high prevalence of PFAS in the different environmental matrices. Perfluorononanoic acid was most dominant in all these matrices with maximum concentration in wastewater, 10.50 ng/L; seawater, 18.76 ng/L; marine sediment, 239.65 ng/g dry weight (dw); invertebrates, 0.72–2.45 µg/g dw; seaweed, 0.36–2.01 µg/g dw. The study used the chemical fingerprint of five PFASs detected in WWTP effluents to track their dispersion across a large, previously pristine marine environment and examined how each chemical accumulated in different marine organisms. The study also demonstrates that primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes cannot fully remove such compounds. There is thus a need to improve effluent quality before its release into the environment and promote continuous monitoring focusing on the sources of PFAS, including their potential transformation products, their environmental fate and ecological risks, particularly in areas receiving effluents from WWTP.

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The burden of emerging contaminants upon an Atlantic Ocean marine protected reserve adjacent to Camps Bay, Cape Town, South Africa

Cited by 6 publications

References 112 publications

Herbicides in Water Sources: Communicating Potential Risks to the Population of Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa

Herbicides in Water Sources: Communicating Potential Risks to the Population of Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa

Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Male Reproductive Health: Challenging the Future with a Double-Edged Sword

The efficacy of wastewater treatment plant on removal of perfluoroalkyl substances and their impacts on the coastal environment of False Bay, South Africa

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