The butyrate story: old wine in new bottles?

Scheppach, Wolfgang; Weiler, Frank

doi:10.1097/00075197-200409000-00009

Cited by 233 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The application of SCFAs in the excluded colon was experimentally demonstrated to improve the inflammatory process, while the interrupted application promoted the disease dissemination 10 . The deficient supply of SCFAs as a factor that triggers DC was confirmed with the results of clinical and experimental studies showing that the restoration of fecal stream or the application of butyrate-rich solutions, the main subtype of SCFAs metabolized by colonocytes, reverted the clinical symptoms and the characteristic endoscopic and histological alterations of the disease [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . However, despite these evidences, the molecular mechanisms through which the deficient supply of SCFAs determines the tissue inflammation, have not been fully explained 20 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Evaluation of topical n-acetylcysteine in diversion colitis

Almeida¹,

Pereira²,

Silva³

et al. 2012

J. Coloproctol. (Rio J.)

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Introduction: Diversion colitis (DC) is a benign condition characterized by the appearance of inflammation in the mucosa of the colon or rectum devoid of fecal stream. Oxidative stress has been associated with the etiopathogenesis of the disease. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a substance with antioxidant properties, used in different treatments of inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of topical applications of NAC in an experimental model of DC. Methods: Thirty-six Wistar rats were submitted to deviation of fecal stream by proximal colostomy and a distal mucosal fistula. They were distributed into 3 experimental groups of 12 animals according to the daily application of enemas containing 0.9% saline or 2 doses of NAC, 25 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively. In each group, half of the animals were sacrificed after two weeks of irrigation and half after four weeks of irrigation. The diagnosis of colitis was assessed by histopathological analysis and the grade of inflammation by inflammatory grading scale. The results were evaluated with the Mann-Whitney test, adopting significance level of 5% (p<0.05). Results: Daily enema of NAC improved the inflammatory alterations in colon without fecal stream. In colonic segments without fecal stream, the inflammatory score was significantly lower in the animals treated with 100mg/kg, compared with those treated with saline solution or 25 mg/kg of NAC, regardless of the duration of intervention (p<0.05). The inflammatory score in colon segments without fecal stream was significantly lower in the animals treated with both concentration of NAC, compared with those treated with saline, regardless of the concentration and duration of irrigation (p<0.01). Conclusions: Enemas containing NAC improve the inflammatory process and constitute a beneficial tool in the treatment of DC.Keywords: acetylcysteine; colon; colitis; fatty acids, volatile; histology; rats. RESUMO: Introdução:Colite de exclusão (CE) é uma condição benigna caracterizada pelo desenvolvimento de inflamação na mucosa do cólon desprovida de trânsito fecal. O estresse oxidativo tem sido implicado na patogênese da doença. A n-acetilcisteína (NAC) é uma substân-cia com efeitos antioxidantes, sendo utilizada no tratamento de várias doenças inflamatórias. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da aplicação tópica de NAC em modelo de CE. Método: Trinta e seis ratos Wistar foram submetidos ao desvio do trânsito por meio de colostomia proximal e fístula mucosa distal. Os animais foram distribuídos em três grupos experimentais de igual tamanho segundo a aplicação de enemas diários contendo soro fisiológico 0,9% ou NAC nas concentrações de 25 mg/kg ou 100 mg/kg. Em cada grupo, metade dos animais foi sacrificada após duas ou quatro semanas de irrigação. O diagnóstico de CE foi feito por estudo histopatológico e a graduação por escala inflamatória. Na avaliação dos resultados, utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Withney, adotando-se nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: A aplicação intrarretal...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Evaluation of topical n-acetylcysteine in diversion colitis

Almeida¹,

Pereira²,

Silva³

et al. 2012

J. Coloproctol. (Rio J.)

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“…Xylanibacter, Prevotella, Butyrivibrio, and Treponema are exclusive to the BF children ( Fig. S2) and indicate the presence of a bacterial community using xylane, xylose, and carboxymethylcellulose to produce high levels of SCFAs (18) whose protective role against gut inflammation has been well proven (19). These bacteria can ferment both xylan and cellulose through carbohydrate-active enzymes such as xylanase, carboxymethylcellulase, and endoglucanase (http://www.cazy.org).…”

Section: Dominance Of the Bacteroidetes In Gut Microbiota Of Burkina mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa

Filippo

Cavalieri

Paola

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Gut microbial composition depends on different dietary habits just as health depends on microbial metabolism, but the association of microbiota with different diets in human populations has not yet been shown. In this work, we compared the fecal microbiota of European children (EU) and that of children from a rural African village of Burkina Faso (BF), where the diet, high in fiber content, is similar to that of early human settlements at the time of the birth of agriculture. By using high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing and biochemical analyses, we found significant differences in gut microbiota between the two groups. BF children showed a significant enrichment in Bacteroidetes and depletion in Firmicutes (P < 0.001), with a unique abundance of bacteria from the genus Prevotella and Xylanibacter, known to contain a set of bacterial genes for cellulose and xylan hydrolysis, completely lacking in the EU children. In addition, we found significantly more short-chain fatty acids (P < 0.001) in BF than in EU children. Also, Enterobacteriaceae (Shigella and Escherichia) were significantly underrepresented in BF than in EU children (P < 0.05). We hypothesize that gut microbiota coevolved with the polysaccharide-rich diet of BF individuals, allowing them to maximize energy intake from fibers while also protecting them from inflammations and noninfectious colonic diseases. This study investigates and compares human intestinal microbiota from children characterized by a modern western diet and a rural diet, indicating the importance of preserving this treasure of microbial diversity from ancient rural communities worldwide. metagenomics | nutrigenomics | biodiversity | 454-pyrosequencing | shortchain fatty acids

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“…For example, the concentration of butyrate in the colon can reach millimolar concentrations, as a consequence of bacterial fermentation of carbohydrate. 70 Thus, one function of HP1 proteins might be to protect cells from the detrimental effects of such toxins.…”

Section: The Cellular Role Of Hp1 Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%