The California Legacy Survey III. On The Shoulders of (Some) Giants: The Relationship between Inner Small Planets and Outer Massive Planets

Abstract

We use a high-precision radial velocity survey of FGKM stars to study the conditional occurrence of two classes of planets: close-in small planets (0.023-1 au, 2-30 M ⊕ ) and distant giant planets (0.23-10 au, 30-6000 M ⊕ ). We find that 41 +15 −13 % of systems with a close-in, small planet also host an outer giant, compared to 17.6 +2.4 −1.9 % for stars irrespective of small planet presence. This implies that small planet hosts may be enhanced in outer giant occurrence compared to all stars with 1.7σ significance. Conversely, we estimate that 42 +17 −13 % of cold giant hosts also host an inner small planet, compared to 27.6 +5.8 −4.8 % of stars irrespective of cold giant presence. We also find that more massive and close-in giant planets are not associated with small inner planets. Specifically, our sample indicates that small planets are less likely to host outer giant companions more massive than approximately 120 M ⊕ and within 0.3-3 au than to host less massive or more distant giant companions, with ∼2.2σ confidence. This implies that massive gas giants within 0.3-3 au may suppress inner small planet formation. Additionally, we compare the host-star metallicity distributions for systems with only small planets and those with both small planets and cold giants. In agreement with previous studies, we find that stars in our survey that only host small planets have a metallicity distribution that is consistent with the broader solar-metallicity-median sample, while stars that host both small planets and gas giants are distinctly metal-rich with ∼2.3σ confidence.

The Intrinsic Multiplicity Distribution of Exoplanets Revealed from the Radial Velocity Method

“…This is consistent with previous findings that close-in giant planets frequently have distant companions (e.g., Knutson et al 2014;Bryan et al 2016). Similarly, our results also suggest positive correlations between close-in planets (close-in giant and intermediate-mass planets) and cold giant planets, which also confirms previous findings (e.g., Bryan et al 2019;Rosenthal et al 2021b).…”

The intrinsic multiplicity distribution of exoplanets revealed from the radial velocity method

“…This is consistent with previous findings that close-in giant planets frequently have distant companions (e.g., Knutson et al 2014;Bryan et al 2016). Similarly, our results also suggest positive correlations between closein planets (close-in giant and intermediate-mass planets) and cold giant planets, which also confirms previous findings (e.g., Bryan et al 2019;Rosenthal et al 2021b).…”