The calmodulin multigene family as a unique case of genetic redundancy: multiple levels of regulation to provide spatial and temporal control of calmodulin pools?

Toutenhoofd, Sonja L.; Strehler, Emanuel E.

doi:10.1054/ceca.2000.0136

Cited by 100 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…In addition, local CaM concentrations may also be translationally regulated as CaM mRNA is differentially distributed, a process that likely reflects the conservation of three non-allelic mammalian CaM genes encoding identical proteins but distinct 5Ј and 3Ј non-coding sequences. For example, one pool of CaM mRNA, derived from a specific CaM gene (CALM1) is abundant in the apical dendrites of cerebellar pyramidal cells and may give rise to local reservoirs of CaM; however, mRNAs derived from CALM1 and CALM2 genes are found in neurite outgrowths in nerve growth factor-stimulated PC12 cells, and CALM3-derived transcripts reside within the cell body (45)(46)(47). Base upon these factors, and the number and concentrations of CaM-binding proteins, it is possible that CaM availability is rate-limiting for SK channel surface expression (43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Conductance Ca2+-activated K+ Channels and Calmodulin

Lee

Ngo-Anh

Bruening‐Wright

et al. 2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Conductance Ca2+-activated K+ Channels and Calmodulin

Lee

Ngo-Anh

Bruening‐Wright

et al. 2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…The heterogeneous expression of PMCA isoforms in brain may produce regional variation in the use-dependence of Ca 2+ clearance. Added variability might also result from differences in PMCA activation kinetics for different members of the calmodulin family of proteins (Toutenhoofd and Strehler 2000;Laube et al 2002). Alternative splicing also affects PDZ (Psd-95/Dlg/Zo-1) binding domains and phosphorylation consensus sites that alter the cellular localization and modulation of PMCA isoforms (Enyedi et al 1996;DeMarco and Strehler 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient rise in intracellular calcium produces a long‐lasting increase in plasma membrane calcium pump activity in rat sensory neurons

Pottorf

Thayer

2002

Journal of Neurochemistry

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“…The sequence of the last six Myo3A IQ motifs more closely resemble those of GAP-43 (neuromodulin) than the first three myosin neck IQ motifs. GAP-43 (neuromodulin) is a leading candidate for a calmodulin "storage" protein (Toutenhoofd and Strehler, 2000) that may be pertinent to the function of Myo3A.…”

Section: Class III Myosinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myo3A, One of Two Class III Myosin Genes Expressed in Vertebrate Retina, Is Localized to the Calycal Processes of Rod and Cone Photoreceptors and Is Expressed in the Sacculus

Dosé

Hillman

Wong

et al. 2003

MBoC

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The striped bass has two retina-expressed class III myosin genes, each composed of a kinase, motor, and tail domain. We report the cloning, sequence analysis, and expression patterns of the long (Myo3A) and short (Myo3B) class III myosins, as well as cellular localization and biochemical characterization of the long isoform, Myo3A. Myo3A (209 kDa) is expressed in the retina, brain, testis, and sacculus, and Myo3B (155 kDa) is expressed in the retina, intestine, and testis. The tails of these two isoforms contain two highly conserved domains, 3THDI and 3THDII. Whereas Myo3B has three IQ motifs, Myo3A has nine IQ motifs, four in its neck and five in its tail domain. Myo3A localizes to actin filament bundles of photoreceptors and is concentrated in the calycal processes. An anti-Myo3A antibody decorates the actin cytoskeleton of rod inner/outer segments, and this labeling is reduced by the presence of ATP. The ATP-sensitive actin association is a feature characteristic of myosin motors. The numerous IQ motifs may play a structural or signaling role in the Myo3A, and its localization to calycal processes indicates that this myosin mediates a local function at this site in vertebrate photoreceptors. INTRODUCTIONThe asymmetrical shapes of the rods and cones of the vertebrate retina are specialized to mediate photon detection and signal transmission. At the distal ends are the outer segments, which are composed of stacks of photopigmentbearing membranous disks surrounded by the plasma membrane. Progressively proximal to the outer segment are the mitochondrion-packed ellipsoid, the endoplasmic reticulum-and Golgi-rich myoid, the perinuclear region, the axon, and the synapse. The outer segment is connected to the rest of the cell by the narrow connecting cilium, through which metabolic fuels and newly synthesized proteins are transported. Although they maintain highly specialized shapes, photoreceptors are not static. Elaborately choreographed morphogenetic movements establish the specialized shapes of photoreceptors during development. Once formed, photoreceptors undergo outer segment turnover throughout life. This turnover is mediated by the daily addition of new disks to the base of the outer segment and the shedding of effete disks from the tip (Young, 1976). Disk addition requires transport of newly synthesized materials from the perinuclear and myoid regions to and through the connecting cilium. More dramatic photoreceptor motility occurs during retinomotor movements of lower vertebrates; light onset induces cone myoids to contract and rod myoids to elongate, whereas dark onset induces opposite movements (Burnside, 1978).Several observations suggest that the actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in photoreceptor motile processes. Photoreceptors are richly endowed with actin filaments deployed in distinct populations and likely to reflect specialized functional roles. Filamentous actin is concentrated in the distal connecting cilium of the outer segment (Chaitin et al., 1984;Wolfrum and Schmitt, 2000) and throu...

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The calmodulin multigene family as a unique case of genetic redundancy: multiple levels of regulation to provide spatial and temporal control of calmodulin pools?

Cited by 100 publications

References 123 publications

Small Conductance Ca2+-activated K+ Channels and Calmodulin

Small Conductance Ca2+-activated K+ Channels and Calmodulin

Transient rise in intracellular calcium produces a long‐lasting increase in plasma membrane calcium pump activity in rat sensory neurons

Myo3A, One of Two Class III Myosin Genes Expressed in Vertebrate Retina, Is Localized to the Calycal Processes of Rod and Cone Photoreceptors and Is Expressed in the Sacculus

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