The captive psychologist and the captive patient.

Conflicts Between Ethics and Law in Counseling and Psychotherapy

“…Several authorities have encouraged the sharing of professional files and test results with mental health clients and patients to promote maximum growth and self-responsibility (Brodsky, 1972;Fischer, 1970Fischer, , 1972Goldman, 1972;Ladkin & Levine, 1976;Riscalla, 1972). Clients' access to their own files seems compatible with a wide variety of theoretical approaches including behavioral (Lazarus, 1971;Ullman & Krasner, 1965), general systems (Bertalanffy, 1968), phenomenological (Giorgi, 1970), and client-centered (Rogers, 1951(Rogers, , 1961Rogers & Dymond, 1954) models and those of Carson (1969) and Mischel (1968).…”

“…An open sharing of test results in nonjudgmental, behavioral terms may provide a hospitalized patient and family members important feedback on how their behaviors affect each other (Ladkin & Levine, 1976). Such open sharing of test results may also help with problems of professional jargon (Hallenstein, 1978;Riscalla, 1972). Abuses of testing (Hoffman, 1962) may also be curbed through sharing of test results, especially when results are used as the basis for administrative and therapeutic decisions.…”

“…Abuses of testing (Hoffman, 1962) may also be curbed through sharing of test results, especially when results are used as the basis for administrative and therapeutic decisions. Open sharing of test results has been observed to be therapeutically beneficial, especially in building client trust (Riscalla, 1972).…”

The captive client: Dilemmas of psychotherapy in the psychiatric hospital.

“…Similar pressures are reported by a prison psychiatrist (Ketai, 1974); and although college is not exactly a total institution, parallel role conflicts are experienced by psychologists working in college counseling centers (e.g., Silverman, 1977). We don't witness just a captive patient, says Riscalla (1972), but also a captive psychologist.…”

“…Many of these settings (most notably hospitals, jails and the army) are total institutions, described by Goffman (1961) as having a unique degree of control over the daily life of "the managed group," be they patients, inmates, or trainees. Any therapy patient in a total institution is a captive client.2 Parallel terms have been suggested in reference to specific patient populations, such as court-referred cases (Riscalla, 1972), adolescents on an inpatient ward (Sandbank, 1978, p. 50), college students referred to a counseling center (Szasz, 1970, p. 158), and even candidates undergoing training analysis in a psychoanalytic institute (Pfeffer, 1974). In one way or another they are all captive.…”