The Cardiff Test: A New Visual Acuity Test for Toddlers and Children with Intellectual Impairment. A Preliminary Report

Adoh, T O; Woodhouse, J. Margaret; Oduwaiye, K A

doi:10.1097/00006324-199206000-00003

Cited by 77 publications

(68 citation statements)

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“…In clinical use, Woodhouse et al 5 found the test to be quick and readily enjoyed by most children under 3 years of age. A reasonable agreement with conventional tests has been demonstrated, 5,6 although it is acknowledged that visual acuity may be overestimated in amblyopia. 8 -11 By comparison, the Bailey-Lovie Chart (BLC) is the "gold standard" for acuity testing with accepted and proven reliability.…”

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confidence: 77%

“…However, the more traditional identification tasks are often impossible to perform on young children as a result of the constraints of normal symbolic and language development. The CAT 5,6 was introduced in an attempt to provide an accurate assessment of visual acuity in children below 3 years of age and circumvent these developmental limitations. The test is based on the principle of vanishing optotypes, which were first described as an alternative for measuring acuity by Howland et al 7 Unlike the identification tasks, this test uses "preferential looking," i.e., an infant is given a score if they look toward a patterned target rather than a plain surface, and the examiner can judge the position of the target from the eye movements.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Is the Cardiff Acuity Test Effective in Detecting Refractive Errors in Children?

Howard

Firth

2006

Optometry and Vision Science

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confidence: 77%

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confidence: 99%

Is the Cardiff Acuity Test Effective in Detecting Refractive Errors in Children?

Howard

Firth

2006

Optometry and Vision Science

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“…In Papers III-IV, the various ophthalmological tests were performed by an ophthalmologist (SA) and an orthoptist. The best corrected visual acuity (VA) was tested with the KM-books chart (Hedin and Olsson 1984), Kay's charts (Kay 1983) at a distance of three metres and, in the youngest children, the Cardiff chart (Adoh et al 1992) at a distance of one metre. Refraction was measured in cycloplegia, visual fields were tested with the Goldmann perimetry and stereopsis was tested with the TNO test (Marsh et al 1980).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision in children with hydrocephalus

Andersson¹,

Persson²,

Aring³

et al. 2006

Dev Med Child Neurol

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Aims: To analyse trends in the live-birth prevalence of infantile hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus associated with myelomeningocele (MMC) during the period [1989][1990][1991][1992][1993][1994][1995][1996][1997][1998][1999][2000][2001][2002] and to study the outcome in terms of learning disability, cerebral palsy, epilepsy and visual deficits. Another objective was to explore motor function and disability profiles in various aetiological and gestational-age subgroups and to see whether treatment complications and neuroradiological findings correlate with outcome. Material and methods: A population-based study of all 262 live-born children with infantile hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus associated with MMC born in 1989-2002 in western Sweden. Aetiological and clinical information was collected from medical records, neuroimaging and ophthalmological examinations. A subgroup of 114 children were clinically examined and interviewed. Results: The live-birth prevalence of hydrocephalus was 0.77 per 1,000 live births, 0.48 for infantile hydrocephalus and 0.29 for hydrocephalus associated with MMC. The prevalence of infantile hydrocephalus decreased from 0.55 in 1989 to 0.48 per 1,000 in 2002, while that of MMC decreased from 0.35 to 0.16 per 1,000 during the same period. The prevalence in children born extremely preterm increased dramatically, with a gestational-age-specific prevalence of 13 per 1,000 in 1989 compared with 45 per 1,000 live births in 2002. During the same period, the perinatal mortality in these children decreased from 40 to 15 per 1,000 live births. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was the first surgical intervention in 230 children (88%), while an endoscopic ventriculostomy was performed in 31 (12%). At least one surgical revision was required in 64% of the children. Of children with infantile hydrocephalus, 63% had at least one associated impairment, compared with 33% in the MMC group, apart from the consequences of the spinal lesion. Visual and other ophthalmological impairments were identified in the majority of the children. Very preterm birth was associated with a high risk of visual impairment. No child with normal neuroimaging had any associated neurological or visual impairment, compared with eleven of twelve with impairments in children with generalised parenchymal lesions. Conclusions: A decrease in the prevalence of infantile hydrocephalus was noted during the period 1989-1998, but it did not continue in 1999-2002. The stagnation was mainly explained by the increased survival of children born extremely preterm with post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus. The aetiology of the hydrocephalus and gestational age at birth were important for outcome. The majority of the children had some associated neuroimpairment, such as learning disability, cerebral palsy or epilepsy, and more than three-quarters had ophthalmological abnormalities. Neuroimaging was found to be useful for aetiological, treatment and outcome considerations.

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“…Visual acuity was assessed prior to participation using the Cardiff acuity test or Keeler acuity cards. 23 Acuity ranged from 0.0 to 1.2 logMAR (6/6-6/96 Snellen equivalent). A total of 43.3% of participants had strabismus and 11.1% had nystagmus.…”

Section: Testing Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical judgement of near pupil responses provides a useful indicator of focusing ability in children with cerebral palsy

Saunders

McClelland

Richardson

et al. 2007

Develop Med Child Neuro

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Accommodation is often reduced in cerebral palsy (CP). Knowledge about accommodative facility is valuable when investigating a child's visual needs and developing strategies for education. With normal accommodation, changing focus from distance to near results in pupil constriction. We compared quality of near pupil responses (NPR) with objective measures of accommodative function obtained with dynamic retinoscopy (DR) to investigate the utility of NPR in indicating accommodative facility. NPR and accommodative function of 90 children with CP (56 males, 34 females; median age 11y, range 4-18y) were assessed. A total of 93% of participants had spastic CP (71.3% bilateral involvement, 28.7% hemiplegia). The severity of motor impairment ranged from very mild (n=7) to severe (no independent walking, n=28). NPR was classified subjectively as normal, reduced, or absent and compared with DR measures of accommodative response. A total of 9.8% of pupil responses were judged absent, 25.6% reduced, and 64.6% normal. Participants with reduced or absent pupil responses demonstrated significantly poorer levels of accommodation with DR (one-way analysis of variance p<0.01). Sensitivity and specificity of NPR in identifying participants with reduced accommodation were 83% (95% confidence interval [CI] 65.5-92.4%) and 72% (95% CI 58.4-82.0%) respectively. NPR provides a rapid, useful indicator of accommodative function in children with CP.

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The Cardiff Test: A New Visual Acuity Test for Toddlers and Children with Intellectual Impairment. A Preliminary Report

Cited by 77 publications

References 0 publications

Is the Cardiff Acuity Test Effective in Detecting Refractive Errors in Children?

Is the Cardiff Acuity Test Effective in Detecting Refractive Errors in Children?

Vision in children with hydrocephalus

Clinical judgement of near pupil responses provides a useful indicator of focusing ability in children with cerebral palsy

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