The Cards and Lottery Task: Validation of a New Paradigm Assessing Decision Making Under Risk in Individuals With Severe Obesity

Schäfer, Lisa; Schmidt, Ricarda; Müller, Silke M.; Dietrich, Arne; Hilbert, Anja

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00690

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…Reduced sensitivity to monetary losses has also been demonstrated in individuals with sIUDs (e.g., [ 71 ]). Unlike in other tasks, such as the IGT, in the CLT, high loss sensitivity went along with worse performance [ 46 ]. Correspondingly, reduced loss sensitivity can have beneficial effects on CLT performance (as choosing the beneficial option sometimes comeswith immediate losses), which could potentially compensate for deficits arising from weaknesses in cognitive functions in individuals with sIUDs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this CLT version, performance is negatively associated with impulsivity and positively associated with working memory performance, logical reasoning, and need for cognition in the normal population [ 44 ]. CLT performance has further been shown to be negatively associated with psychopathological aspects such as symptoms of depression, difficulties in emotion regulation, severe obesity, and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ 46 ]. In a recent study on social-networks-use disorder, we found that individuals with problematic social-networks use showed deficits in executive functions, but not in CLT performance [ 47 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Decision Making and Risk Propensity in Individuals with Tendencies towards Specific Internet-Use Disorders

et al. 2022

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The uncontrolled use of specific Internet applications is increasingly recognized as a mental health issue. Gaming disorder, which is one subtype of specific Internet-use disorders (sIUDs), has been included in the ICD-11 as disorder due to addictive behaviors. Addictive disorders are assumed to be accompanied by cognitive deficits as indicated by weaker performance in executive function and risky decision-making tasks. This study investigates risky decision-making in individuals with tendencies towards sIUDs including gaming, online buying-shopping, and social-networks-use disorders. A total of 293 individuals participated in the study. Based on specific screening instruments, the participants were assigned to a group with tendencies towards sIUD or a control group. Participants completed a risky decision-making task and questionnaires assessing risk-taking propensity, impulsivity, psychopathology, and perceived stress. The group with sIUD tendencies showed higher attentional impulsivity and higher levels of depression and anxiety compared to the control group. The groups did not differ in decision making and risk propensity. Decision making did not have significant effects on sIUD symptoms. Risk for developing sIUDs does not appear to be accompanied by altered general decision-making tendencies. Rather, psychological (pre-)load and attentional deficits appear to be relevant features in uncontrolled use of the Internet.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decision Making and Risk Propensity in Individuals with Tendencies towards Specific Internet-Use Disorders

et al. 2022

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“…The chance of winning this jackpot could be influenced by the choices the participants made during the game: apart from a particular amount of money, some cards showed either a star or bomb symbol, with stars increasing the probability of winning the lottery and bombs deteriorating the probability of winning the lottery. For every participant, the number of advantageous decisions (NAD) reaching from 0 to 36 was calculated with lower scores representing riskier decision making that focuses on positive short-term consequences, despite future negative effects [ 36 , 45 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive Functions of Adults with Binge-Eating Disorder: The Role of Weight Status and Psychopathology

2021

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Findings on executive functions (EFs) in binge-eating disorder (BED) are inconsistent and possibly biased by associated comorbidities. This study aimed to identify whether distinct levels of physical and mental comorbidity are related to EFs in BED. General and food-specific EFs in n = 77 adults with BED were compared to population-based norms and associations with weight status, depressive symptoms, and eating disorder psychopathology were analyzed. To detect within-sample patterns of EF performance, k-means clustering was applied. The results indicated that participants’ general EFs were within the average range with slight deficits in alertness. While depression and eating disorder psychopathology were unrelated to EFs, weight status was associated with food-specific attentional bias that was significantly higher in obesity class 2 than in overweight/obesity class 1 and obesity class 3. Four meaningful clusters with distinct strengths and impairments in general and food-specific EFs but without differences in clinical variables were identified. Altogether, adults with BED showed few specific deficits compared to normative data. Performance was unrelated to depression and eating disorder psychopathology, while weight status was associated with food-specific EFs only. The results highlight the need for longitudinal studies to evaluate the relevance of EFs in BED development and maintenance in neurologically healthy adults.

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“…Schäfer et al ( 34 ) developed the card lottery task (CLT) to examine risk-taking in individuals with severe obesity. The task requires selecting cards from decks with conflicting short- and long-term consequences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This task aimed to resolve a frequent criticism derived from IGT and delay discounting (DDT) in that they do not tackle the conflict between immediate vs. long-term consequences of choices at the same time. Analysis of risk-taking performance of individuals with severe obesity ( 34 ), showed that risk-taking performance as measured by CLT was sensitive to changes (i.e., decrease in the number of risky choices) in risk behavior in participants who underwent obesity surgery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choices of (in)action in obesity: Implications for research on treatment and prevention

2022

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The obesity epidemic has crossed social-demographic barriers and is a matter of significant concern. Why do individuals fail to restrain from eating high-calorie foods and fail to follow treatment routines that reduce the risk of health complications? These questions have been addressed through behavioral and brain imaging studies on prefrontal cortex inhibitory mechanisms. Failure to inhibit undesirable behaviors has become a hallmark of obesity. In many life situations, obesity risk is increased by inaction (e.g., not taking blood pressure medication, not following a healthy diet). Risk by inaction has been defined as passive risk-taking, and it is correlated with traits such as procrastination, future time perspective, and cognitive avoidance. To the present, passive tendencies, specifically in the context of risk-taking behaviors, have not been addressed in the obesity literature. We introduce a framework in which active and passive risk-taking behaviors are integrated within the scope of bidirectional models of obesity that describe the brain as both the cause and the consequence of obesity vulnerability. The present perspective aims to foster new research on treatment and prevention, and also on the neurobiology of passive behaviors in obesity and other metabolic conditions.

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The Cards and Lottery Task: Validation of a New Paradigm Assessing Decision Making Under Risk in Individuals With Severe Obesity

Cited by 5 publications

References 86 publications

Decision Making and Risk Propensity in Individuals with Tendencies towards Specific Internet-Use Disorders

Decision Making and Risk Propensity in Individuals with Tendencies towards Specific Internet-Use Disorders

Executive Functions of Adults with Binge-Eating Disorder: The Role of Weight Status and Psychopathology

Choices of (in)action in obesity: Implications for research on treatment and prevention

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