The CARICOM/FAO/IICA Caribbean <i>Amblyomma</i> Program<sup>a</sup>

Pegram, R. G.; Castro, J. J. De; Wilson, D. D.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11068.x

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This tick also carries Rickettsia africae, the agent of African tick bite fever in humans, in Africa and the Caribbean (Kelly et al 1996;Parola et al 1999;Kelly et al 2010). Because of its local importance and potential spread to the United States (Deem 1998), A. variegatum has been the subject of various eradication and control programs since 1994 (Barré et al 1996;Pegram et al 1998). These have resulted in the apparent absence of the tick from several islands (Pegram et al 2004), but in many cases it has recurred, possibly because of incomplete eradication or reintroduction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeography and Demographic History ofAmblyomma variegatum(Fabricius) (Acari: Ixodidae), the Tropical Bont Tick

Béati

Patel

Lucas-Williams

et al. 2012

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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The genetic diversity of Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius) from four Caribbean islands and five African countries was compared by analyzing the sequences of three gene fragments, two mitochondrial (12SrDNA and D-Loop-DL), and one nuclear (intergenic transcribed spacer 2 [ITS2]). Genetic variability of the ITS2 DNA fragment consisted of only uninformative single nucleotide mutations, and therefore this gene was excluded from further analyses. Mitochondrial gene divergences among African populations and between Caribbean and African populations were very low. Nevertheless, the data suggest that A. variegatum is divided into distinct East and West African groups, the western group including all Caribbean samples. Phylogenetic analyses of the 12SrDNA and DL gene sequences showed that the West African A. variegatum clustered in a well-supported monophyletic clade, distinct from eastern paraphyletic lineages. Sequences of A. variegatum from the Caribbean were embedded in the West African clade, which supports the known West African historical origin for these ticks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeography and Demographic History ofAmblyomma variegatum(Fabricius) (Acari: Ixodidae), the Tropical Bont Tick

Béati

Patel

Lucas-Williams

et al. 2012

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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“…Progress in implementation of the Caribbean Amblyomma Program (CAP) has been reported regularly in the STVM forum 6–10. St. Clair Phillip10 described the magnitude of the impact of TBT and dermatophilosis in St. Kitts, where livestock numbers were decimated between 1984 and 1990 from 22,000 head down to 2200 head.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Caribbean Amblyomma Program: Some Ecologic Factors Affecting Its Success

Pegram

Indar

Eddi

et al. 2004

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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The Caribbean Amblyomma Program has been operational for 8 years. However, owing to funding availability, some islands did not commence eradication activities until late 1997. During the past 2 years, 6 of the 9 islands (St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Anguilla, Montserrat, Barbados, and Dominica) under the program have attained the status of provisional freedom from the tropical bont tick (TBT). There are several administrative and technical reasons why the attainment of the program goals took longer than originally anticipated. This paper examines some of the ecologic factors that necessitated the prolongation of the treatment period and the recrudescence of TBT infestation in some islands. The introduction and subsequent spread of the cattle egret, Bulbucus ibis, in the 1960s and 1970s was most likely closely associated with the dissemination of the TBT in the region. At the national or island level, variations in land use are believed to have had a major impact on the eradication efforts in the different islands. Two islands, Antigua and Nevis, both opted out of sugar production several decades ago for economic reasons. Unfortunately, however, land from former sugar estates was not developed for other agricultural purposes and it became "unimproved free-grazing" areas for livestock. Thus, in both Antigua and Nevis, large numbers of livestock tend to become feral or free-ranging, making compliance with the mandatory treatment schedules impossible. In contrast, St. Lucia has large tracts of land allocated to banana plantations and St. Kitts to sugar plantations. Thus, feral or free-ranging livestock were rarely a problem in these islands. These differences in land use management are compared and discussed in relation to their perceived profound impact on TBT eradication efforts in the region.

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“…The tropical bont tick (TBT), A. variegatum, had been in the Caribbean for nearly 150 years before it caused widespread devastation in St. Kitts and Nevis, among other islands, in association with dermatophilosis. 1 From the late 1960s, when it was first identified in St. Croix (1967) and later in Puerto Rico (1974) and other U.S. territories, it caused increasing concern. 2 In 1980, heartwater was reported in the Caribbean and in 1984 an association between A. variegatum and the epidemiology of dermatophilosis was demonstrated.…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Eradication and Surveillance of the Tropical Bont Tick in the Caribbean: An International Approach

Pegram

Hansen

Wilson

2000

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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The Caribbean Amblyomma program (CAP) is a multidonor funded effort involving several technical organizations and national governments in the eradication of the tropical bont tick. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is the lead technical agency, providing both technical and administrative support to the CAP Regional Coordination Unit (RCU) based in Barbados. All collaborating agencies, donors, and national representatives are members of the Amblyomma Program Council (APC), the overall governing body of the CAP. In addition to FAO, the other organizations involved are the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the European Union (EU), the Inter‐American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Several agencies (EU, FAO, IFAD, and USDA) are also major donors. The CAP cooperates with the complementary Plan POSEIDOM Veterinaire Program in the French West Indies. The University of the West Indies (UWI), the International Institute for Biological Control (IIBC), and the Departement d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux (EM‐VT) in Guadeloupe are other collaborators.

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The CARICOM/FAO/IICA Caribbean Amblyomma Program^a

Cited by 14 publications

References 4 publications

Phylogeography and Demographic History ofAmblyomma variegatum(Fabricius) (Acari: Ixodidae), the Tropical Bont Tick

Phylogeography and Demographic History ofAmblyomma variegatum(Fabricius) (Acari: Ixodidae), the Tropical Bont Tick

The Caribbean Amblyomma Program: Some Ecologic Factors Affecting Its Success

Eradication and Surveillance of the Tropical Bont Tick in the Caribbean: An International Approach

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The CARICOM/FAO/IICA Caribbean Amblyomma Programa

Cited by 14 publications

References 4 publications

Phylogeography and Demographic History ofAmblyomma variegatum(Fabricius) (Acari: Ixodidae), the Tropical Bont Tick

Phylogeography and Demographic History ofAmblyomma variegatum(Fabricius) (Acari: Ixodidae), the Tropical Bont Tick

The Caribbean Amblyomma Program: Some Ecologic Factors Affecting Its Success

Eradication and Surveillance of the Tropical Bont Tick in the Caribbean: An International Approach

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The CARICOM/FAO/IICA Caribbean Amblyomma Program^a