The Carroll Rating Scale for Depression I. Development, Reliability and Validation

Carroll, Bernard J.; Feinberg, Michael; Smouse, Peter E.; Rawson, Sarah G.; Greden, John F.

doi:10.1192/bjp.138.3.194

Cited by 378 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This study used GDS (12), SDS (13), CES-D (14) and CRS (15). All scales have a cut-off point for evaluating depression symptoms.…”

Section: Self-rating Depression Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, self-rating depression scales, such as the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) (12), the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) (13), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (14) and the Carroll Rating Scale (CRS) (15), have been developed. Japanese versions of these scales have also been developed, and their reliability and validity have been examined (16)(17)(18)(19)(20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Agreement in depression determination among four self-rating depression scales applied to Japanese community-dwelling elderly

Demura

Sato

Tada

et al. 2006

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objective: In this study, we examined the characteristics of depression determination using four representative self-rating depression scales (Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS; Self-rating Depression Scale, SDS; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D; and Carroll Rating Scale, CRS) applied to Japanese community-dwelling elderly.Methods: Subjects were 563 community-dwelling independent elderly living in twelve prefectures (330 males, 68.9±6.3 yr; 233 females, 68.1±5.8 yr).Results: Depression rates determined using SDS (45.8%) and CES-D (68.6%) were higher than those determined using GDS (5.7%) and CRS (14.7%). Although correlations of depression scale scores among the four scales were significant and comparable (r: 0.61 (GDS vs. SDS, p<0.01) to 0.78 (SDS vs. CES-D, p<0.01)), the agreement in depression determination varied among scales (kappa coefficients: 0.05 (GDS vs. CES-D, p>0.05) to 0.46 (SDS vs. CES-D, p<0.01)).Conclusions: Similarities in depression determination were found between GDS and CRS, and between CES-D and SDS. Depression rates determined on the basis of cut-off point for each scale were higher for CES-D and SDS than for GDS and CRS. Depression determination using a four-point rating scale may overestimate a slightly depressive symptom, compared with that using a two-point scale.

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“…This study used GDS (12), SDS (13), CES-D (14) and CRS (15). All scales have a cut-off point for evaluating depression symptoms.…”

Section: Self-rating Depression Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agreement in depression determination among four self-rating depression scales applied to Japanese community-dwelling elderly

Demura

Sato

Tada

et al. 2006

Environ Health Prev Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Depressive symptomatology was assessed by the Carroll Rating Scale (CRS; Carroll et al, 1981). This 52-item self-administrated scale was used to assess the presence and severity of a depressive state in our subjects.…”

Section: Psychological Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Andropause and psychopathology: minor symptoms rather than pathological ones

Delhez

Hansenne

Legros

2003

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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This study examined the psychological symptomatology of men diagnosed with andropause and the association between calculated free testosterone (T) and depressed mood, anxiety and quality of life. Subjects were 153 men, aged 50-70 years, who participated in a screening of andropause. Total testosterone, FSH, LH and SHBG levels were measured. Depressed mood was assessed with the Carroll Rating Scale, anxiety with the "anxietyinsomnia" dimension of the General Health Questionnaire, and quality of life with the World Health Organisation Quality of Life questionnaire. The results showed that levels of free T decreased with age, whereas FSH and LH increased. Carroll Rating Scale scores were higher among hypogonadal subjects, but the mean score was low and not pathological. A negative correlation was observed between severity of depression as assessed by the Carroll Rating Scale and free T levels. However, subjects with a significant score on this scale did not exhibit different free T levels compared to subjects with a non-significant depressive score. Anxiety and quality of life did not differ between hypogonadal and eugonadal subjects. The present study therefore suggests that andropause is not characterised by specific psychological symptoms, but may be associated with "depressive symptoms" that are not considered as pathological.

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“…General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) [6] Carroll Rating Scale for Depression (CRSD) [7] State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) [8] Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) [9] Disability Assessment Questionnaire (DAQ) [10] The scales were administered individually to the patients and scored as per the test manual. Analysis of the scores of the above questionnaire revealed the psychological status of the patient and helped to identify probable psychiatric patients.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%