“…This explanation has resulted in a flurry of research on the time-varying performance of the FX markets across tranquil and turbulent periods ( Ahmad et al, 2012 ; Flood & Rose, 2002 ; Grossmann et al, 2014 ; Lothian & Wu, 2011 ; Shehadeh et al, 2021 ; Zhou & Kutan, 2005 ). A related line of research has proposed crash risk as an alternative explanation to the forward premium puzzle ( Atanasov & Nitschka, 2014 ; Brunnermeier et al (2009), Daniel et al (2017) , Farhi and Gabaix (2008 and 2016) , and Jurek (2014) .…”