Training in academic survival skills was compared with direct instruction'via curriculum individualization on reading achievement. Teachers in two classrooms were trained in the contingent reinforcement of group survival skills (GSS); one teacher was given specific instructions in the construction and use of a programmed, individualized reading curriculum (DI); and one teacher was given no new instructions. Children in all classrooms were observed and tested before and after intervention. Both GSS and DI approaches resulted in improved reading achievement when compared with the control group, but only the specific survival-skill training increased the proportion of children's survival-skill behaviors. It was concluded that achievement may be increased directly through curriculum improvements or indirectly through increasing behaviors which are prerequisites for academic achievement.