The casting of materials using microwave energy: A review

Samyal, Rahul; Bagha, Ashok Kumar; Bedi, Raman

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.255

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The good tensile strength was produced at 800 W of microwave power and 1000 s of exposure time in mild steel joint [22]. However, the susceptor, separator and powder materials are also essential elements in microwave processing [23,24]. The nickel powder and epoxy joint were observed in Inconel-718, and the results revealed that the completely melted bonding was found at the interface layer with good strength [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of zinc (Zn) powder on the microhardness characteristic and microstructure properties of stainless steel SS304 hybrid joint using low power microwave heating

Tayier,

Janasekaran,

Tai

2024

Materialwissenschaft Werkst

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Microwave hybrid heating (MHH) process is a unique and novel approach of joint materials. Several lightweight materials (medium and high melting point) such as nickel, copper and aluminum have been successfully joined in the past research. However, small dimensions and low melting point of light weight materials such as zinc (Zn) metal or zinc (Zn) powder were always being a challenging mere for creating bond via any joining techniques. The sheets of stainless steel SS304 (17 mm×7.9 mm×0.2 mm) have been fabricated and joined at lap joint by using novel Microwave hybrid heating technique with mini heat chamber of 2.45 GHz of frequency and 200 W–360 W of microwave power, using pure zinc powder (99.9 %) as an interface material. Epoxy rate and exposure time have been varied from 10 % to 20 % and 2 min to 4 min, respectively. A developed heat chamber has been set in domestic microwave oven properly as proposed. To evaluate the microstructure correlation and microhardness at joint interface, the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM – EDS), x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Vickers hardness were used. For the experimental studies, it had found an excellent bonding was produced at interface layer between the upper and lower sections with good penetration rate of 360 W of microwave power, 4 min of exposure time and 20 % of epoxy rate as the 183.1 HV 0.05 of excellent microhardness and the intermetallic phase of iron‐zinc (FeZn11), nickel‐zinc (NiZn) and nickel‐zinc (NiZn3) were observed at interface layer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of zinc (Zn) powder on the microhardness characteristic and microstructure properties of stainless steel SS304 hybrid joint using low power microwave heating

Tayier,

Janasekaran,

Tai

2024

Materialwissenschaft Werkst

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“…The step for the selection of interface material was a crucial factor for binding parent metal, which can improvise the microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless-steel series metals [21]. Stainless steel joint with nickel-based powder at 20 μm was studied and the study obtained good hardness joint between the stainless steel and interface powders, where the result shows an increment of nickel content, then the hardness of the joint surface increases and the exposure time relies on the parameters of the type of stainlesssteel, sample dimensions, insulator position of the cavity [22]. Two different metal powders such as nickel and Inconel 718 joined on the stainless-steel SS304 at 700 W of microwave power and 22 min of exposure time [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on lap joining and characterization of tin (Sn) powder on stainless steel SS304 using microwave heating

Tayier,

Janasekaran,

Tai

2023

Materialwissenschaft Werkst

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Metal bonding via joints of low melting point materials such as zinc and tin has been technically challenging. This paper presents a unique technique for bonding small dimensions and the low melting point of materials through the microwave hybrid heating (MHH) process. Joint of stainless steel SS304 was applied to the joint with the tin (Sn) powder with the application of microwave radiation by using domestic microwave oven at 2.45 GHz of constant frequency, 200–360 W of microwave power, 120–180 s of exposure time, and 10–20 % of the epoxy rate. A developed heat chamber was used as a susceptor and insulator in the microwave hybrid heating (MHH) process. The tin powder and parent metals were strongly bonded as lap position by the microwave hybrid heating (MHH) process at 360 W of microwave power, 180 s of constant exposure time, and 20 % of the constant epoxy rate. Characterization of the joint was evaluated through microhardness and x‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis techniques. It was found that the intermetallic compounds (phase) of nickel tin (NiSn), iron tin (Fe1.84Sn), sulfur tin (SSn), chromium tin (Cr2Sn3), chromium tin (CrSn2), and tin phosphorus (SnP) at the joint surface with highest microhardness obtained at 498.4 HV 0.05 at 360 W of microwave power.

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“…Earlier findings from the literature indicated that only 4% microwave energy was used for casting than other manufacturing processes. 57 It means there will be great chances to explore microwave energy utilization in casting. A traditional furnace of greater than 2000 W is required for processing high-melting point materials, while for microwave processing, only 900 W is sufficient for the same class materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of iron-based composite materials through electromagnetic radiations in a domestic microwave oven

Pal

Gupta

Singh

2023

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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Microwave hybrid heating, a novel technique, is used to develop iron-based alloy (SS316), SS316+10EWAC1004 (nickel-based), and SS316+10EWAC1004+5Cr7C3 composite castings. The domestic microwave having a frequency of 2.45 × 103 MHz and a power of 0.9 kW, is used with a variable exposure time of microwave radiations. The microwave interaction procedure with the metallic powder is discussed to optimize the exposure time and temperature. A microstructure study of developed castings revealed the uniform melting of matrix and EWAC1004 with an identical dispersion of Cr7C3. The X-ray diffraction results revealed various intermetallic (Ni3Fe, Ni2Si, Cr2Ni3, MoNi4, Fe3Si, Fe2Si, CrFeNi) and hard carbides (Fe3C, Cr3C2, Cr23C6) phases. The maximum average micro-hardness is for the SS316+10EWAC1004+5Cr7C3 composite, followed by SS316+10EWAC1004. The established composite casting had a hardness of around 2 times that of the commercial SS316. The maximum density of 97% was found for Iron-based SS316-based. The grain size of microwave-processed SS316, SS316+10EWAC, and SS316+10EWAC +5Cr7C3 specimens is found to be 21 ± 4 µm, 18 ± 3 µm, and 17 ± 2 µm, respectively. It has been observed that reinforced phases hinder grain growth, and hence grain size reduces significantly. In comparison, commercial SS316 had a grain size of 31 ± 6 µm. The ASTM B-276 standard is used to determine pores that are of the order of 1.98%.

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The casting of materials using microwave energy: A review

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Influence of zinc (Zn) powder on the microhardness characteristic and microstructure properties of stainless steel SS304 hybrid joint using low power microwave heating

Influence of zinc (Zn) powder on the microhardness characteristic and microstructure properties of stainless steel SS304 hybrid joint using low power microwave heating

Study on lap joining and characterization of tin (Sn) powder on stainless steel SS304 using microwave heating

Development of iron-based composite materials through electromagnetic radiations in a domestic microwave oven

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