The Cat as a Teaching Model for Endotracheal Intubation

Training in airway management

“…For this reason, the use of animal models for training in practical skills has been investigated. The cat has upper airway anatomy and reflexes that closely resemble a human's, and anaesthetised cats have been advocated as suitable models for teaching laryngoscopy and intubation [42]. Also, practice on anaesthetised kittens has been found to improve trainees' technique in neonatal intubation [43].…”

Alternatives to the use of live animals in military medical trauma training

“…1973;Stewart et al 1984;Owen et al 1987; Nelson 1989Nelson , 1990Forbes et al 1989;Stratton et al 1991;Powers and Draeger 1992;Van Stralen et al 1995;Klausner et al 1987;Hill 1993;Wik et al 1997 (Klausner et al 1987;Howells et al 1973;Greenfield et al 1993;Holmberg et al 1993;Greenfield et al 1995;Stratton et al 1991;and Anastakis et al 1999) (PCRM 1997; Nelson 1990; PCRM n.d.a; Howells et al 1973;Greenfield et al 1993;Holmberg and Cockshutt 1994;Buyukmihci n.d.a;Greenfield et al 1995;and Anastakis et al 1999) (Howells et al 1973;Greenfield et al 1993;Holmberg and Cockshutt 1994;Buyukmihci n.d.a;and Anastakis et al 1999) and Anastakis et al 1999) (Howells et al 1973;Holmberg and Cockshutt 1994;and Stratton et al 1991) (Greenfield et al 1993;Holmberg et al 1993;and Holmberg and Cockshutt 1994) Procedures Limited (Eaton et al 1990) Model Maintenance (Nelson 1990) Lack of Clinical Realism Lack of Feedback (Calderwood and Ravin 1972;…”

“…More recently, use of the horse for wound investigation was reported by the French army in 1907 (Schantz 1979). The use of cats for intubation training was described in the early 1970s (Calderwood and Ravin 1972;and Jennings et al 1974). As early as 1980, George L. Sternbach, Joel L. Mattsson, and others reported the conduct of comprehensive animal laboratories for trauma training at the University of California, the University of Chicago, and within the military.…”

“…Apart from trauma procedure laboratories, the single greatest use of animals is for intubation training. Cat (Calderwood and Ravin 1972;Jennings et al 1974;and Woods et al 1980), dog (Sternbach and Rosen 1977;and Mattsson et al 1980), pig (Forbes et al 1989;and Knudsen and Darre 1996), and ferret (Powell et al 1991) use has been described. Additionally, the use of cats as a model for pediatric tracheotomy (McLaughlin and has been described.…”

“…As such, they are the ultimate patient assessment tools available for medical training today. (Murray and Schneider 1997;Gaba and DeAnda 1989;Gaba 1990,1991;and Chopra et al 1994) Clinical Realism Response to Interventions (Murray and Schneider 1997;Norman and Wilkins 1996;Raemer and Barron 1997;Gaba and DeAnda 1989;Gaba 1990, 1991;Chopra et al 1994; UW n.d.; and UCLA n.d.) Environmental (Gaba and DeAnda 1989;Gaba 1990,1991;Chopra et al 1994;Norman and Wilkins 1996; and UW n.d.) Complications (Chopra et al 1994;Laerdal n.d.;UW n.d.;Good 1997;and UCLA n.d.) Use in Certification (Gaba and DeAnda 1989;Gaba 1990,1991;and Chopra et al 1994) Training Detractor Citation Expense (Calderwood and Ravin 1972;Norman and Wilkins 1996;Murray and Schneider 1997;and Funk 2000a) Lack Haptic Realism (Good 1997) Not designed for Procedures (Norman and Wilkins 1996) Physiological not Physical Realism (Norman and Wilkins 1996) Logistics Staff (Norman and Wilkins 1996;and Murray and Schneider 1997) Dedicated Training Area (Chopra et al 1994;and Murray and Schneider 1997) Despite these advantages, the design of CIMs is a trauma-training detractor. They are designed for anesthetist use in a hospital environment.…”