The Catalogue of Semantic Shifts: 20 Years Later

Abstract

The article summarizes the goals and the current state of the Catalogue of sematic shifts (CSSh), its primary notions being those of a semantic shift, which is understood as a relation of cognitive proximity between two linguistic meanings, and a realization of a semantic shift, i.e. one polysemic word or a pair of cognate words of the same language or different languages that act as "exponents" of this relation. The typology of semantic shifts occupies a position at the crossroad of semantic, lexical and grammatical typologies, overlapping each of these areas of study in terms of linguistic data and methods used; however, the domain of CSSh does not coincide with any of them. The framework of CSSh provides the theoretical foundation for identifying recurring cross-linguistic semantic shifts, and collecting them in the Database of Semantic Shifts for further analysis. The article demonstrates that the notion of semantic shift as defined in CSSh is just a formalization of an instrument of linguistic analysis that is already quite common in various areas of linguistics. Semantic shift provides a basis for the notion of semantic parallel used in the historical linguistics and etymology, for motivational models in word-formation, it is a central notion for grammaticalization theory; finally, semantic shift is one of various types of implicit meanings (along with presuppositions and connotations) that shape the "linguistic model of the world". Linguistic data contained in the Database of Semantic Shifts can be used in all these areas, in order to provide semantic plausibility criteria for linguistic reconstruction, to act as empirical evidence for cognitive mechanisms of linguistic conceptualization, to aid in identifying specific features of the semantic system of a given language or group of languages.

RuSemShift: a dataset of historical lexical semantic change in Russian

“…Works on language change from general linguistics like Traugott and Dasher (2001) or Daniel and Dobrushina (2016) as a rule contain only a small number of hand-picked examples. The DatSemShift database (Zalizniak, 2018) features more than 4 000 semantic shifts across 800 languages. But it is focused on cognitive proximities between pairs of linguistic meanings (with a limited set of pre-defined senses): in this paradigm, a semantic shift is just a case of extended polysemy.…”

From language development to language evolution: A unified view of human lexical creativity

“…We worked with 22,379 attested colexification cases from 1486 languages. Accompanying CLICS on the longer evolutionary timescale, we also analyzed a third dataset, DatSemShift (37). This is the largest resource of historical semantic change, covering 1792 attested cases of semantic change from 516 languages.…”

Multilingual Computational Linguistics (Lecture at the University of Passau in the Winter Term 2022/2023)

“…If we want to study pathways of semantic change crosslinguistically, we will need to find a way to make our data comparable. That this can be cumbersome and difficult could be observed for the Catalogue of Semantic Shifts (Zalizniak 2018, Zalizniak et al 2012, which originally presented a larger collection of observed semantic change processes, but ultimately has problems to provide a rigorous specification of the different meanings that were tracked. 2 How can we imagine this process of accumulation and reduction to take place, and what is meant by "reference potential"?…”